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The Veterinary Record Oct 2010
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Reservoirs; Mustelidae; Population Control; Tuberculosis, Bovine; United Kingdom
PubMed: 21257470
DOI: 10.1136/vr.c5882 -
Protein & Cell Feb 2010Bat, the only flying mammal and count more than 20% of the extant mammals on earth, were recently identified as a natural reservoir of emerging and reemerging infectious...
Bat, the only flying mammal and count more than 20% of the extant mammals on earth, were recently identified as a natural reservoir of emerging and reemerging infectious pathogens. Astonishing amount (more than 70) and genetic diversity of viruses isolated from the bat have been identified in different populations throughout the world. Many studies focus on bat viruses that caused severe domestic and human diseases. However, many viruses were found in apparently healthy bats, suggesting that bats may have a specific immune system or antiviral activity against virus infections. Therefore, basic researches for bat immunology and virus-host interactions are important for understanding bat-derived infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Reservoirs; Genetic Variation; Humans; Viruses
PubMed: 21203979
DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0029-7 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2009Although extensive data are available on low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus surveillance in wild birds in North America and Europe, data are scarce for other... (Review)
Review
Although extensive data are available on low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus surveillance in wild birds in North America and Europe, data are scarce for other parts of the world, and our understanding of LPAI virus ecology in the natural reservoir is still far from complete. The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype in the eastern hemisphere has put an increased focus on the role of wild birds in influenza virus transmission. Here, the authors review the current knowledge of the (molecular) epidemiology, genetics and evolution of LPAI viruses in wild birds, and identify some important gaps in current knowledge.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Antigenic Variation; Birds; Charadriiformes; Disease Reservoirs; Ducks; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Molecular Epidemiology; Reassortant Viruses
PubMed: 19618618
DOI: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1863 -
Veterinary Microbiology Feb 2006Tuberculosis is present in wild animal populations in North America, Europe, Africa and New Zealand. Some wild animal populations are a source of infection for domestic... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis is present in wild animal populations in North America, Europe, Africa and New Zealand. Some wild animal populations are a source of infection for domestic livestock and humans. An understanding of the potential of each wild animal population as a reservoir of infection for domestic animals is reached by determining the nature of the disease in each wild animal species, the routes of infection for domestic species and the risk of domestic animals encountering an infectious dose. The mere presence of infection in a wild animal population does not of itself provide evidence of a significant wildlife reservoir. Although at times counterintuitive, wildlife populations with high disease prevalence may not necessarily have a role in the epidemiology of disease in domestic livestock. The key concepts used in deciding whether an infected wild animal population is involved in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic livestock is illustrated by reference to six well-researched cases: the feral pig (Suis scrofa) and feral Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Australia, white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan, and the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other species, such as the ferret (Mustela furo), in New Zealand. A detailed analysis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in Ireland and their role as a reservoir of infection for cattle is also presented.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Australia; Buffaloes; Cattle; Deer; Disease Reservoirs; Ferrets; Humans; Ireland; Michigan; Mustelidae; Mycobacterium bovis; New Zealand; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Swine; Trichosurus; Tuberculosis; United Kingdom
PubMed: 16326039
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.015 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases May 2005
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Disease Reservoirs; Q Fever
PubMed: 15898176
DOI: 10.3201/eid1105.041272 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jun 2017At present, very little information exists regarding what role the environmental slurry may play as an infection reservoir and/or route of transmission for bovine...
At present, very little information exists regarding what role the environmental slurry may play as an infection reservoir and/or route of transmission for bovine digital dermatitis (DD), a disease which is a global problem in dairy herds. To investigate whether DD-related bacteria belong to the indigenous microbiota of the dairy herd environment, we used deep amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in 135 slurry samples collected from different sites in 22 dairy farms, with and without DD-infected cows. Both the general bacterial populations and digital dermatitis-associated were targeted in this study. The results revealed significant differences in the bacterial communities between the herds, with only 12 bacterial taxa shared across at least 80% of all the individual samples. These differences in the herd microbiota appeared to reflect mainly between-herd variation. Not surprisingly, the slurry was dominated by ubiquitous gastrointestinal bacteria, such as and Despite the low relative abundance of spirochetes, which ranged from 0 to 0.6%, we were able to detect small amounts of bacterial DNA from DD-associated treponemes in the slurry. However, the DD-associated spp. were detected only in samples from herds with reported DD problems. These data indicate that treponemes involved in the pathogenesis of DD are not part of the normal environmental microflora in dairy herds without clinical DD and, consequently, that slurry is not a primary reservoir of infection. Bovine digital dermatitis (DD), a dermal disease which causes lameness in dairy cattle, is a serious problem worldwide. To control this disease, the infection reservoirs and transmission routes of DD pathogens need to be clarified. The dairy herd slurry may be a pathogen reservoir of DD-associated bacteria. The rationale for the present study was, therefore, to examine whether DD-associated bacteria are always present in slurry or if they are found only in DD-afflicted herds. The results strongly indicated that DD spp. are not part of the indigenous slurry and, therefore, do not comprise an infection reservoir in healthy herds. This study applied next-generation sequencing technology to decipher the microbial compositions of environmental slurry of dairy herds with and without digital dermatitis.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Digital Dermatitis; Disease Reservoirs; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 28363959
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00244-17 -
Veterinary Research Nov 2017Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans that can eventually result in acute liver failures or progress to chronic infections. While in... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans that can eventually result in acute liver failures or progress to chronic infections. While in tropical and sub-tropical areas, HEV infections are associated with important waterborne epidemics, in Northern countries, HEV infections are autochthonous with a zoonotic origin. In the past decade, it has become clear that certain HEV genotypes are zoonotic and that swine, and more generally Suidae, are the main reservoir. Zoonotic transmissions of the virus may occur via direct contact with infected pigs, wild boars or consumption of contaminated meat. This review describes the current knowledge on domestic and wild Suidae as reservoirs of HEV and the evidence of the different routes of HEV transmission between these animals and humans.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Disease Reservoirs; Food; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Swine; Swine Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29157309
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0483-9 -
Parasites & Vectors Nov 2020Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphylobothriid tapeworm with a complex life-cycle including definitive, intermediate and paratenic (transport) hosts. Multiple routes...
BACKGROUND
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphylobothriid tapeworm with a complex life-cycle including definitive, intermediate and paratenic (transport) hosts. Multiple routes of parasite transmission often make it impossible to determine what type of host a specific infected animal is considered to be. Spargana larvae cause sparganosis, a severe food- and water-borne disease mainly found in Asia. In Poland, Spirometra sp. was reported in large carnivores in Białowieża Primeval Forest for the first time in the 1940s and was recently confirmed as S. erinaceieuropaei in several mammals and snakes using molecular methods.
METHODS
In total, 583 carcasses of 9 carnivore species were necropsied between 2013 and 2019 in north-eastern (NE) Poland. The larvae of S. erinaceieuropaei (spargana) were isolated from subcutaneous tissue, counted, and preserved for genetic analyses. We calculated the prevalence and intensity of infection. To assess spatial variation in S. erinaceieuropaei infection probability in NE Poland, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) with binomial error distribution. To confirm the species affiliation of isolated larvae, we amplified a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA gene (240 bp in length).
RESULTS
Spirometra larvae were found in the subcutaneous tissue of 172 animals of 7 species and confirmed genetically as S. erinaceieuropaei. The overall prevalence in all studied hosts was 29.5% with a mean infection intensity of 14.1 ± 33.8 larvae per individual. Native European badgers and invasive raccoon dogs were characterized by the highest prevalence. An analysis of parasite spread showed a spatially diversified probability of infection with the highest values occurring in the biodiversity hot spot, Białowieża Primeval Forest.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study revealed that various mammal species (both native and non-native) can serve as S. erinaceieuropaei reservoirs. The frequency and level of infection may differ between selected hosts and likely depend on host diversity and habitat structure in a given area. Further studies are needed to assess the distribution of the parasite throughout Europe and the environmental and biological factors influencing infection severity in wild mammals.
Topics: Animals; Carnivora; Cestode Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Geography; Life Cycle Stages; Phylogeny; Poland; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Snakes; Sparganosis; Spirometra
PubMed: 33168087
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04431-5 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Jul 2020Raccoons are an important reservoir for infection, having been reported to maintain a high and lengthy parasitemia. Although raccoon populations have historically been...
Raccoons are an important reservoir for infection, having been reported to maintain a high and lengthy parasitemia. Although raccoon populations have historically been abundant in Louisiana, the prevalence rate of infection in raccoons in this state is unknown. Here, we tested raccoon tissues from two urban areas in Louisiana, namely Orleans Parish (OP) and East Baton Rouge Parish (EBRP), to investigate prevalence in these areas using direct detection through polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 33.6% of raccoons tested were positive. The prevalence in OP (42.9%) was significantly higher than the prevalence in EBRP (23.2%). There was no significant difference in prevalence between sexes or based on age, but there was a significant difference in infection prevalence based on season of trapping. These results suggest the importance of raccoons as a reservoir host, maintaining infection and potentially posing a risk to human health.
Topics: Animals; Chagas Disease; Cities; Disease Reservoirs; Female; Louisiana; Male; Raccoons; Seasons; Trypanosoma cruzi; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32286921
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2559 -
Archives of Razi Institute Oct 2020Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted via female sand flies. Canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis should be...
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted via female sand flies. Canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis should be performed as soon as possible, even on the basis of only a few or even a single clinical sign, to enhance the prediction of disease and to avoid both dog and human transmission and unnecessary euthanasia of apparently positive dogs. In the present work, we examined whether PQ10 recombinant protein could be suitable for immunological detection of Leishmania infantum infection. The coding sequence of PQ10 recombinant protein was sub-cloned in pET28 expression vector and was commercially synthesized by GENERAY Biotechnology, China. In the following process, sequencing with proper primers was done and the expression, optimization of expression and protein purification were performed. The efficacy of PQ10 for serodiagnosis was evaluated with 100 serum samples collected from dogs living in the visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Iran. Samples (n=20) of the dogs with other infectious disease were also be collected. The synthesized colones verified by the sequencing with proper primers. In the following process, expression, optimization of expression and protein purification performed and the purified recombinant protein confirmed by western blot. The ELISA was performed with PQ10 recombinant protein. The sensitivity of ELISA that was evaluated with sera from naturally infected dogs was 94%. The specificity value of the ELISA determined with sera from healthy dogs and from dogs with other infectious diseases was 86%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) determined 87.03% and 93.47% respectively. Our findings indicated to the potential use of this recombinant protein in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis.
Topics: Animals; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Disease Reservoirs; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Protozoan Proteins; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 33025773
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.126524.1346