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Veterinary Microbiology Feb 2006Historical, social and economic factors combined to provide a focus where bovine tuberculosis has become established in free-ranging wildlife in northeastern lower... (Review)
Review
Historical, social and economic factors combined to provide a focus where bovine tuberculosis has become established in free-ranging wildlife in northeastern lower Michigan. White-tailed deer, the primary reservoir and maintenance host of tuberculosis, are highly valued by the public, and particularly hunters, for cultural and economic reasons. Since 1995, significant progress has been made in defining and reducing the reservoir of tuberculosis in deer. As yet, no other wildlife species has been shown to play an epidemiologically important role in the disease cycle. The importance of deer and deer hunting to Michigan has uniquely shaped tuberculosis control policies, and poses ongoing challenges as wildlife managers strive to maintain momentum for broad control strategies, and develop focused strategies that are publicly acceptable. Even if momentum and funding can be maintained, tuberculosis will likely continue to be present for a decade or longer. Thus, cattle producers waiting for tuberculosis to be eradicated from wildlife to eliminate risks to their herds and markets face disappointment for the foreseeable future. Such unrealistic expectations also place Michigan's federal tuberculosis accreditation status at perpetual risk. Accredited free status is unlikely to be regained without accompanying changes in cattle management. In Michigan, management of tuberculosis has clearly demonstrated that social issues and public approval are likely to be the critical limiting factors in control.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Communicable Disease Control; Deer; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Michigan; Mycobacterium bovis; Population Surveillance; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 16376030
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.014 -
Journal of Veterinary Emergency and... Feb 2010To familiarize the reader with the epidemiology, diagnosis, and infectious and zoonotic potential of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To familiarize the reader with the epidemiology, diagnosis, and infectious and zoonotic potential of methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
DATA SOURCES
Original research publications, scientific reviews and abstracts, case reports, and conference proceedings.
HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human commensal organism; acquisition of genes encoding an altered penicillin-binding protein confers resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are often resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs as well. Originally described as an important cause of nosocomial infection, MRSA colonization and infection are now often identified in humans outside healthcare settings. Like other S. aureus, MRSA may be present without clinical illness. However, when they do cause infection the consequences can be extremely serious.
VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS
The major domestic animal species, including pets and livestock, may become contaminated, colonized, or infected with methicillin-resistant staphylococci, including MRSA. Dogs and cats are more likely to be colonized/infected with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius than S. aureus, but this pathogen can acquire genes encoding methicillin resistance (ie, MRSP). Diagnosis of MRSA or MRSP has implications not only for treatment of infected animals, but for potential zoonotic transmission.
CONCLUSIONS
MRSA infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Animals may be contaminated, colonized, or infected with MRSA, with implications for the animal's health and as a potential reservoir for human infection. Staphylococci other than S. aureus may also acquire genes for methicillin resistance, and these species can also result in animal and occasionally human morbidity or mortality.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Cats; Cross Infection; Disease Reservoirs; Dogs; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Occupational Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Veterinarians; Zoonoses
PubMed: 20230433
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00497.x -
Experimental & Applied Acarology Jun 2009
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Mites; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Tick Control
PubMed: 19263228
DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9259-x -
Journal of Fish Diseases Aug 2021Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious virus that causes KHV disease (KHVD) inducing high mortality in carp and koi (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the late stage,...
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious virus that causes KHV disease (KHVD) inducing high mortality in carp and koi (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the late stage, latency occurs with very low, often non-detectable virus concentrations, which represents a challenge for virus detection. After validation according to OIE recommendations, an antibody ELISA was established to recognize antibodies of C. carpio against KHV infection. In this study, the ELISA was modified to detect anti-KHV antibodies from a non-cyprinid fish. Experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were able to transmit KHV to naïve carp at two different temperatures, demonstrating their potential as a reservoir host. At 20°C, KHVD was induced in carp but not at 15°C. Unexpectedly, rainbow trout developed humoral response against KHV at both temperatures. In contrast to carp, at 15°C trout produced neutralizing antibodies but not at 20°C. While antibodies obtained from infected carp sera reacted in a similar way against all KHV, antibodies from rainbow trout sera reacted differently to the same isolates by ELISA. The data show that even when non-cyprinid fish species are infected with KHV, they can produce antibodies that differ from those observed in carp.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Fish Diseases; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Oncorhynchus mykiss
PubMed: 33973665
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13385 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2006Among the many mammals infected with Bartonella spp., pets represent a large reservoir for human infection because most Bartonella spp. infecting them are zoonotic. Cats... (Review)
Review
Among the many mammals infected with Bartonella spp., pets represent a large reservoir for human infection because most Bartonella spp. infecting them are zoonotic. Cats are the main reservoir for Bartonella henselae, B. clarridgeiae, and B. koehlerae. Dogs can be infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. washoensis, B. elizabethae, and B. quintana. The role of dogs as an important reservoir of Bartonella spp. is less clear than for cats because domestic dogs are more likely to be accidental hosts, at least in nontropical regions. Nevertheless, dogs are excellent sentinels for human infections because a similar disease spectrum develops in dogs. Transmission of B. henselae by cat fleas is better understood, although new potential vectors (ticks and biting flies) have been identified. We review current knowledge on the etiologic agents, clinical features, and epidemiologic characteristics of these emerging zoonoses.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Insect Vectors; Zoonoses
PubMed: 16704774
DOI: 10.3201/eid1203.050931 -
Annals of Parasitology 2017Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most commonly identified Microsporidia in humans and has also been detected worldwide in a large group of wild living and domestic... (Review)
Review
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most commonly identified Microsporidia in humans and has also been detected worldwide in a large group of wild living and domestic animals. The identification of E. bieneusi in wildlife has raised the question of the importance of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of microsporidiosis and the implications of the infection with this pathogen in hosts. This review summarizes the available molecular data on the variety of E. bieneusi genotypes, both potentially zoonotic and host-specific isolated from wild living mammals and birds. In contrast to microsporidial infections of humans and domestic animals, wildlife deserves attention as a source of significant environmental reservoir of E. bieneusi.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Disease Reservoirs; Enterocytozoon; Humans; Microsporidiosis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29396924
DOI: 10.17420/ap6304.113 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Nov 2003
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 14725261
DOI: 10.3201/eid0911.030088 -
Food Microbiology Apr 2011Clostridium perfringens food poisoning ranks among the most common gastrointestinal diseases in developed countries. The disease is caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin... (Review)
Review
Clostridium perfringens food poisoning ranks among the most common gastrointestinal diseases in developed countries. The disease is caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) encoded by cpe and produced by less than 5% of C. perfringens type A strains. Molecular epidemiological research in the past 15 years has focused on the reservoirs and routes of cpe-positive C. perfringens aiming to clarify the role and epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying strains. This literature review highlights novel aspects in the epidemiology of CPE-mediated diseases. We suggest that (1) chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying C. perfringens strains are genetically and epidemiologically distinct and have adapted to different environments; (2) not only chromosomal but also plasmid-borne cpe-carrying C. perfringens strains cause food poisonings; (3) other CPE-mediated diseases, such as antibiotic-associated and sporadic diarrhea, associated with plasmid-borne cpe-positive strains, may be food-related; (4) the role of animals as the main reservoir of cpe-positive C. perfringens needs to be reconsidered; (5) humans serve as an important reservoir of cpe-positive C. perfringens, introducing a contamination risk into foods through handling; and (6) the current standard procedures to diagnose C. perfringens food poisoning fail to detect and isolate many C. perfringens strains, distorting the epidemiological understanding of C. perfringens food poisoning.
Topics: Chromosomes, Bacterial; Clostridium perfringens; Disease Reservoirs; Enterotoxins; Food Contamination; Foodborne Diseases; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Plasmids; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 21315973
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.020 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2016Natural virus reservoirs such as wild bats, birds, rodents and non-human primates are generally non-model organisms that have, until recently, presented limited... (Review)
Review
Natural virus reservoirs such as wild bats, birds, rodents and non-human primates are generally non-model organisms that have, until recently, presented limited opportunities for in-depth study. Next-generation sequencing provides a way to partially circumvent this limitation, since the methods required for data acquisition and analysis are largely species-independent. Comparative genomics and other 'omics' provide new opportunities to study the structure and function of various biological systems of wild species that are otherwise out of reach. Genomes of natural reservoir hosts can help to identify dominant pathways of virus-host interaction and to reveal differences between susceptible and resistant organisms, populations and species. This is of great scientific interest and may also provide a resource for the rational design of treatments for viral diseases in humans and livestock. In this way, we will 'learn from nature' and one day apply this knowledge to create disease-resistant livestock or develop novel therapeutic and prevention strategies. Reservoir host genomics will also open up possibilities for developing novel vaccines for wildlife, aid in the development of new diagnostic platforms, and have broad implications for developmental and evolutionary biology. In this review, the authors focus on natural reservoir hosts of viral pathogens, although most of the discussion points should be equally applicable to natural reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria, fungi or other parasites.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Disease Reservoirs; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 27217176
DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.1.2425 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2013Although there are over 1,150 bat species worldwide, the diversity of viruses harbored by bats has only recently come into focus as a result of expanded wildlife...
Although there are over 1,150 bat species worldwide, the diversity of viruses harbored by bats has only recently come into focus as a result of expanded wildlife surveillance. Such surveys are of importance in determining the potential for novel viruses to emerge in humans, and for optimal management of bats and their habitats. To enhance our knowledge of the viral diversity present in bats, we initially surveyed 415 sera from African and Central American bats. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of a highly diverse group of bat-derived viruses related to hepaciviruses and pegiviruses within the family Flaviridae. Subsequent PCR screening of 1,258 bat specimens collected worldwide indicated the presence of these viruses also in North America and Asia. A total of 83 bat-derived viruses were identified, representing an infection rate of nearly 5%. Evolutionary analyses revealed that all known hepaciviruses and pegiviruses, including those previously documented in humans and other primates, fall within the phylogenetic diversity of the bat-derived viruses described here. The prevalence, unprecedented viral biodiversity, phylogenetic divergence, and worldwide distribution of the bat-derived viruses suggest that bats are a major and ancient natural reservoir for both hepaciviruses and pegiviruses and provide insights into the evolutionary history of hepatitis C virus and the human GB viruses.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Chiroptera; Codon; Disease Reservoirs; Flaviviridae; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Geography; Hepacivirus; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 23610427
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303037110