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Hemodialysis International.... Oct 2015Osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) is the most frequent type of osseous change in renal osteodystrophy affecting the majority of dialysis patients. Brown tumors are a severe... (Review)
Review
Facial disfigurement due to osteitis fibrosa cystica or brown tumor from secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on dialysis: A systematic review and an illustrative case report.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) is the most frequent type of osseous change in renal osteodystrophy affecting the majority of dialysis patients. Brown tumors are a severe form of OFC. The involvement of the craniofacial skeleton causing facial disfigurement in patients on dialysis appears to be limited to case reports. After searching PubMed, we performed a systematic review of 127 cases with a severe form of OFC resulting in a facial disfigurement to understand possible determinants for this condition. We found that since the first published case in 1974, and after a peak in 1996, there appears to be an increase in published reported cases. Only 27.6% of these cases were published in nephrology journals. The most common region for reported cases was North America. Mean age of these patients was 31.2 years with a mean dialysis duration of 7 years. Almost 67% were women, and almost all were on hemodialysis. The disease tended to most commonly localize to the maxilla (73.2%) and mandible (57.5%). As part of the treatment, 59% of patients had a parathyroidectomy. More than one-third (35.4%) had symptomatic improvement at follow-up. Mean follow-up was 1.6 years. Clinicians should be aware of this clinical presentation of a severe form of OFC and/or brown tumors. Timely diagnosis and intervention may help to prevent or decrease destructive bone changes and reduce negative psychological consequences of facial disfigurement.
Topics: Adult; Facial Injuries; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary; Male; Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 25828738
DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12298 -
Scientific Reports May 2019Faces are among the most salient and relevant visual and social stimuli that humans encounter. Attractive faces are associated with positive character traits and social...
Faces are among the most salient and relevant visual and social stimuli that humans encounter. Attractive faces are associated with positive character traits and social skills and automatically evoke larger neural responses than faces of average attractiveness in ventral occipito-temporal cortical areas. Little is known about the behavioral and neural responses to disfigured faces. In two experiments, we tested the hypotheses that people harbor a disfigured is bad bias and that ventral visual neural responses, known to be amplified to attractive faces, represent an attentional effect to facial salience rather than to their rewarding properties. In our behavioral study (N = 79), we confirmed the existence of an implicit 'disfigured is bad' bias. In our functional MRI experiment (N = 31), neural responses to photographs of disfigured faces before treatment evoked greater neural responses within ventral occipito-temporal cortex and diminished responses within anterior cingulate cortex. The occipito-temporal activity supports the hypothesis that these areas are sensitive to attentional, rather than reward properties of faces. The relative deactivation in anterior cingulate cortex, informed by our behavioral study, may reflect suppressed empathy and social cognition and indicate evidence of a possible neural mechanism underlying dehumanization.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Beauty; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Dehumanization; Empathy; Face; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Appearance, Body; Prejudice; Social Discrimination; Social Stigma; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 31142792
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44408-8 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2022Camouflage is defined as a combination of materials, colouration or illumination for concealing something. Skin camouflage therapy is the use of specially formulated... (Review)
Review
Camouflage is defined as a combination of materials, colouration or illumination for concealing something. Skin camouflage therapy is the use of specially formulated products to conceal skin diseases and disfigurements, with the goal of giving a temporarily normal appearance. It gives immediate relief in various dermatological disorders, especially those affecting the visible areas, which are known to be associated with profound psychosocial impact. Despite considerable evidence for its emotional benefits, its utilisation among dermatologists in clinical practice remains low. This article is intended to familiarise dermatologists with the use of skin camouflage therapy including its availability, indications, contraindications, techniques, limitations and future trends.
Topics: Humans; Cosmetics
PubMed: 36331849
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_765_2021 -
Journal of Advanced Nursing Nov 1999Altered body image is a potential and actual source of considerable distress, particularly following facial disfigurement, and social functioning is reported as a major... (Review)
Review
Altered body image is a potential and actual source of considerable distress, particularly following facial disfigurement, and social functioning is reported as a major area of difficulty by sufferers. However, the area of facial disfigurement has received comparatively little attention from researchers in health care. Two current models of disturbed body image are examined, and it is contended that both require development in order to be of use in responding to the difficulties experienced by disfigured people. A fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception, which has clear treatment implications, is described, and it is shown how this model may be modified to offer a framework for the understanding and treatment of the psycho-social difficulties of disfigured people. In particular, it is suggested that the avoidance present following disfigurement is phobic in nature, and special attention is given to the roles of avoidance and confrontation in mediating these difficulties. Implications for intervention and the shortcomings of the model are described.
Topics: Avoidance Learning; Body Image; Face; Fear; Humans; Models, Psychological; Pain; Psychology, Social; Somatoform Disorders
PubMed: 10564423
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01185.x -
Herz Feb 2007According to one's subjective appraisal varicose veins will be perceived as more or less disfiguring. About 60% of the population suffer from only minor variants of... (Review)
Review
According to one's subjective appraisal varicose veins will be perceived as more or less disfiguring. About 60% of the population suffer from only minor variants of varicose veins which bear no risk to health. A certain percentage will develop progressive disease with the venous ulcer representing the worst variant of chronic venous insufficiency. As long as there is no progressive disease, therapeutic modalities also account for a superior cosmetic appearance. Endoluminal procedures in particular meet with the claim for a superior treatment result with respect to cosmetic outcome without diminution of efficiency. In case of progressive venous insufficiency appearance is of inferior importance. About 70% of venous ulcers are due to primary varicose veins. Surgery of all accessible superficial refluxing veins is important to prevent recurrence. Compression treatment is highly effective in preventing chronic venous insufficiency and in venous ulcer treatment. About 60% of venous ulcers heal within a 24-week treatment period.
Topics: Catheter Ablation; Cosmetic Techniques; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Stockings, Compression; Varicose Veins
PubMed: 17323031
DOI: 10.1007/s00059-007-2930-2 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Nov 2018Clinical rating tools such as the electronic, clinician-graded facial function (eFACE) scale provide detailed information about aspects of facial functioning relevant to...
BACKGROUND
Clinical rating tools such as the electronic, clinician-graded facial function (eFACE) scale provide detailed information about aspects of facial functioning relevant to the assessment and treatment of facial paralysis. Past research has established that eFACE scores significantly relate to expert ratings of facial disfigurement. However, no studies have examined the extent to which eFACE scores relate to casual observers' perceptions of disfigurement in facial paralysis.
METHODS
Casual observers (n = 539) were recruited at the 2016 Minnesota State Fair, and were shown short videos of facial expressions made by patients (n = 61) with unilateral facial paralysis. Observer ratings of disfigurement were recorded and related to eFACE scores (total and subscores) using mixed-effect regression models.
RESULTS
Patients' eFACE scores were significantly related to observers' disfigurement ratings, such that improved function (as indicated by a higher eFACE score) corresponded to a decreased perception of disfigurement. The resting face of patients, their total movement capability, and their involuntary movement through synkinesis all played a significant role in predicting the casual observers' ratings.
CONCLUSIONS
The results establish a clear connection between clinician eFACE ratings of facial function and casual observer judgments of disfigurement. In addition, the findings provide insight into which clinical aspects of facial dysfunction are most salient for casual observers' perceptions of disfigurement. Such insights can help both patients and clinicians better understand the expected social implications of different clinical aspects of facial dysfunction.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Esthetics; Facial Expression; Facial Paralysis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Video Recording; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 30511986
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004851 -
Journal of Oral Biology and... 2021Disability rights continue to lag behind other equality movements worldwide. Disfigurement rights have an even more uncertain position, sometimes included in disability...
Disability rights continue to lag behind other equality movements worldwide. Disfigurement rights have an even more uncertain position, sometimes included in disability rights law, but often not explicitly. This article describes the efforts of Face Equality International to end "face-ism" worldwide, and how healthcare and mental health providers, community developers, and educators can engage to move this vision forward. Beyond medical and surgical treatments, mental health needs, societal, and legal barriers must be addressed. We call for strong and explicit legal protections for disfigurement. Culturally appropriate public education to counteract stigma is crucial in shaping an inclusive and sustainable environment for people with disfigurements.
PubMed: 34611510
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.09.011 -
Chinese Journal of Traumatology =... Feb 2021This study aimed at exploring the perceptions and experiences of female burn survivors with facial disfigurement in Pakistan.
PURPOSE
This study aimed at exploring the perceptions and experiences of female burn survivors with facial disfigurement in Pakistan.
METHODS
Two different quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted, of which the data were collected from 100 burn patients. A pilot interview protocol was developed. An indepth interview of five female burn survivors with facial disfigurement was taken in Lahore, Pakistan. The transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis and four major themes were identified, respectively physical appearance, posttraumatic growth, relationships and coping strategies.
RESULTS
Thematic analysis reflected differences in attributional style, perceptions and individual experiences of female burn survivors with facial disfigurement. The study showed the importance of physical appearance for different burn survivors and how their life had changed after suffering from a burn injury.
CONCLUSION
It could be easy to have a positive outlook towards life and accept visible differences post injury for the burn survivors, who are grateful for life, get a strong family support and have available resources. On the contrary, with low self-esteem, lack of a family support and available resources, patients would be dissatisfied with their life.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Burns; Face; Facial Injuries; Family; Female; Humans; Life Change Events; Middle Aged; Pakistan; Perception; Physical Appearance, Body; Self Concept; Social Support; Survivors; Young Adult
PubMed: 33308964
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.11.007 -
Psycho-oncology Sep 2018Our long-term goal is to develop a normative feedback intervention to support head and neck cancer patients in forming realistic expectations about how other people in...
OBJECTIVE
Our long-term goal is to develop a normative feedback intervention to support head and neck cancer patients in forming realistic expectations about how other people in non-social group settings will respond to their appearance. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between observer ratings of facial disfigurement and observer ratings of emotional response when viewing photographs of faces of head and neck cancer patients.
METHODS
Seventy-five (75) observers rated their emotional response to each of 144 facial photographs of head and neck cancer patients using the Self-Assessment-Manikin and rated severity of facial disfigurement on a 9-point scale. Body image investment of the observers was measured using the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised. A standardized multiple regression model was used to assess the relationship between observer ratings of facial disfigurement and observer ratings of emotional response, taking into consideration the age and sex of the patient depicted in the stimulus photograph, as well as the age, sex, and body image investment of the observer.
RESULTS
Observers who had a strong emotional response to a patient's facial photograph tended to rate the patient's facial disfigurement as more severe (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.328, P < 0.001). Sex and age of the observer had more influence on the rating of facial disfigurement than did the patient's demographic characteristics. Observers more invested in their own body image tended to rate the facial disfigurement as more severe.
CONCLUSIONS
This study lays the groundwork for a normative database of emotional response to facial disfigurement.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Image; Face; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Quality of Life; Social Perception
PubMed: 29846028
DOI: 10.1002/pon.4776