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Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2017Of 150,000 new coccidioidomycosis infections that occur annually in the United States, ≈1% disseminate; one third of those cases are fatal. Immunocompromised hosts... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Of 150,000 new coccidioidomycosis infections that occur annually in the United States, ≈1% disseminate; one third of those cases are fatal. Immunocompromised hosts have higher rates of dissemination. We identified 8 patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis who had defects in the interleukin-12/interferon-γ and STAT3 axes, indicating that these are critical host defense pathways.
Topics: Coccidioides; Coccidioidomycosis; Disease Resistance; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; United States
PubMed: 28098554
DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.160505 -
Health Information and Libraries Journal Mar 2012While research training often takes place during every day practice, for the majority of library and information professionals, essential training will have been...
While research training often takes place during every day practice, for the majority of library and information professionals, essential training will have been received as part of the dissertation element of their degree. However, there is a danger that important dissertation study findings are not disseminated if, for example, the student has moved onto a new job. The Health Information and Libraries Journal seek to address this research/practice gap with the introduction of a new feature 'Dissertations into Practice' specifically tasked with providing a safe and structured environment for students to disseminate their dissertation project findings.
Topics: Academic Dissertations as Topic; Competency-Based Education; Cooperative Behavior; Education, Public Health Professional; Humans; Information Dissemination; Librarians; Libraries, Medical; United States
PubMed: 22335284
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2012.00978.x -
Nurse Researcher Jul 2015The mantra 'publish or perish' has meant disseminating work in peer-reviewed literature. Digital has changed the way readers access content and has created a need to...
The mantra 'publish or perish' has meant disseminating work in peer-reviewed literature. Digital has changed the way readers access content and has created a need to disseminate work widely for maximum impact. Research metrics used internationally to evaluate research are now based on the number of citations of a paper.
Topics: Humans; Information Dissemination; Internet; Nursing Research; Periodicals as Topic; Publishing
PubMed: 26168805
DOI: 10.7748/nr.22.6.5.s1 -
Cancers Nov 2020Cancer immunotherapy has shifted the paradigm in cancer therapy by revitalizing immune responses against tumor cells. Specifically, in primary tumors cancer cells evolve... (Review)
Review
Cancer immunotherapy has shifted the paradigm in cancer therapy by revitalizing immune responses against tumor cells. Specifically, in primary tumors cancer cells evolve in an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which protects them from immune attack. However, during tumor progression, some cancer cells leave the protective tumor mass, disseminating and seeding secondary organs. These initial disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) should potentially be susceptible to recognition by the immune system in the new host tissues. Although Natural Killer or T cells eliminate some of these DTCs, a fraction escape anti-tumor immunity and survive, thus giving rise to metastatic colonization. How DTCs interact with immune cells and the underpinnings that regulate imperfect immune responses during tumor dissemination remain poorly understood. Uncovering such mechanisms of immune evasion may contribute to the development of immunotherapy specifically targeting DTCs. Here we review current knowledge about systemic and site-specific immune-cancer crosstalk in the early steps of metastasis formation. Moreover, we highlight how conventional cancer therapies can shape the pre-metastatic niche enabling immune escape of newly arrived DTCs.
PubMed: 33207601
DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113385 -
Cellular Microbiology Nov 2019Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasitic protist that can infect nearly all nucleated cell types and tissues of warm-blooded vertebrate hosts. T. gondii utilises a... (Review)
Review
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasitic protist that can infect nearly all nucleated cell types and tissues of warm-blooded vertebrate hosts. T. gondii utilises a unique form of gliding motility to cross cellular barriers, enter tissues, and penetrate host cells, thus enhancing spread within an infected host. However, T. gondii also disseminates by hijacking the migratory abilities of infected leukocytes. Traditionally, this process has been viewed as a route to cross biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier. Here, we review recent findings that challenge this view by showing that infection of monocytes downregulates the program of transendothelial migration. Instead, infection by T. gondii enhances Rho-dependent interstitial migration of monocytes and macrophages, which enhances dissemination within tissues. Collectively, the available evidence indicates that T. gondii parasites use multiple means to disseminate within the host, including enhanced motility in tissues and translocation across biological barriers.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cell Movement; Central Nervous System Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Integrins; Leukocytes; Macrophages; Monocytes; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration
PubMed: 31219666
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13070 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022Gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted infection, which is primarily localized but can be disseminated systemically. The mechanisms by which a...
Gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted infection, which is primarily localized but can be disseminated systemically. The mechanisms by which a localized infection becomes a disseminated infection are unknown. We used five pairs of isolates from the cervix/urethra (localized) and the blood (disseminated) of patients with disseminated gonococcal infection to examine the mechanisms that confine gonococci to the genital tract or enable them to disseminate to the blood. Multilocus sequence analysis found that the local and disseminated isolates from the same patients were isogenic. When culturing in vitro, disseminated isolates aggregated significantly less and transmigrated across a polarized epithelial monolayer more efficiently than localized isolates. While localized cervical isolates transmigrated across epithelial monolayers inefficiently, those transmigrated bacteria self-aggregated less and transmigrated more than cervical isolates but comparably to disseminating isolates. The local cervical isolates recruited the host receptors of gonococcal Opa proteins carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) on epithelial cells. However, the transmigrated cervical isolate and the disseminated blood isolates recruit CEACAMs significantly less often. Our results collectively suggest that switching off the expression of CEACAM-binding Opa(s), which reduces self-aggregation, promotes gonococcal dissemination.
PubMed: 35215160
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020217 -
The American Review of Respiratory... Dec 1984We report a case of inoculation blastomycosis with dissemination to the lungs. The patient, a renal allograft recipient, was inoculated accidentally at the...
We report a case of inoculation blastomycosis with dissemination to the lungs. The patient, a renal allograft recipient, was inoculated accidentally at the veterinarian's office where she worked. A nodular lesion appeared at the inoculation site, accompanied by lymphadenopathy and fever. Pulmonary infiltrates developed. Blastomyces dermatitidis was identified by both biopsy and culture from both inoculation site and lungs. Although not previously reported, inoculation blastomycosis can disseminate in an immunocompromised patient.
Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Adult; Amphotericin B; Biopsy; Blastomycosis; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Lung; Needles; Radiography
PubMed: 6391311
DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.6.1180 -
Infectious Diseases (London, England) 2016Bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) constitute a globally increasing problem that contributes to treatment complications and elevated death rates.... (Review)
Review
Bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) constitute a globally increasing problem that contributes to treatment complications and elevated death rates. The extremely successful dissemination by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae during the latest decades is a result of the combination of mobilization, evolution and horizontal spread of β-lactamase genes on plasmids. In parallel, spread of these plasmids to particularly well-adapted bacterial clones (outbreak clones) has expanded. In this review we describe ESBL-producing bacteria and the genetic mechanisms for dissemination of ESBL resistance. We describe available methodology for studying plasmids and the importance of including plasmids in epidemiological typing as natural parts of the organisms. Plasmids play a fundamental role in how resistance arises and disseminates.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Conjugation, Genetic; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Epidemiology; Plasmids; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 26135711
DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1062536 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2013Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) detected in the bone marrow have been shown as an independent prognostic factor for women with breast cancer. However, the mechanisms...
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) detected in the bone marrow have been shown as an independent prognostic factor for women with breast cancer. However, the mechanisms behind the tumor cell dissemination are still unclear and more detailed knowledge is needed to fully understand why some cells remain dormant and others metastasize. Sequencing of single cells has opened for the possibility to dissect the genetic content of subclones of a primary tumor, as well as DTCs. Previous studies of genetic changes in DTCs have employed single-cell array comparative genomic hybridization which provides information about larger aberrations. To date, next-generation sequencing provides the possibility to discover new, smaller, and copy neutral genetic changes. In this study, we performed whole-genome amplification and subsequently next-generation sequencing to analyze DTCs from two breast cancer patients. We compared copy-number profiles of the DTCs and the corresponding primary tumor generated from sequencing and SNP-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data, respectively. While one tumor revealed mostly whole-arm gains and losses, the other had more complex alterations, as well as subclonal amplification and deletions. Whole-arm gains or losses in the primary tumor were in general also observed in the corresponding DTC. Both primary tumors showed amplification of chromosome 1q and deletion of parts of chromosome 16q, which was recaptured in the corresponding DTCs. Interestingly, clear differences were also observed, indicating that the DTC underwent further evolution at the copy-number level. This study provides a proof-of-principle for sequencing of DTCs and correlation with primary copy-number profiles. The analyses allow insight into tumor cell dissemination and show ongoing copy-number evolution in DTCs compared to the primary tumors.
PubMed: 24427740
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00320 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... 1994Local tumor growth has been reported after subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of Hodgkin's disease (HD) derived cell lines into different immunodeficient mouse...
Local tumor growth has been reported after subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of Hodgkin's disease (HD) derived cell lines into different immunodeficient mouse strains. An animal model with disseminated growth of tumor cells would be useful for studying the in vivo biology of HD cells as well as for preclinical testing of new therapeutic regimens. For this purpose the HD-derived cell lines L540, L540cy, L428, and KM-H2 were injected intravenously into SCID mice. In contrast to L428 and KM-H2, widespread neoplasia occurred after a period of four to six weeks following injection of L540 and the subline L540cy. Lymph nodes were found to be the preferred site of tumor growth. CD30 surface antigen expression on Hodgkin cells and the karyotype of the tumor cells were preserved in the animal host. Thus, to a large extent, the SCID mouse model mimics the dissemination pattern of Hodgkin's disease in man. To evaluate the role of adhesion molecule expression in the dissemination of HD-derived cell lines, CD44 and members of the immunoglobulin, integrin, selectin, and Fc receptor families were quantified by flow cytometry. CD30 expression was also measured. Although CD44 expression has been correlated with dissemination in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), this was not the case in the Hodgkin's SCID mouse model. CD44 was not expressed on the disseminating cell lines L540 and L540cy but was expressed in the nondisseminating lines L428 and KM-H2.
Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Flow Cytometry; Hodgkin Disease; Hyaluronan Receptors; Immunoglobulins; Injections, Intravenous; Integrins; Karyotyping; Ki-1 Antigen; Mice; Mice, SCID; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Fc; Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 7513537
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/5.suppl_1.s121