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La Pediatria 1967
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La Revue Du Praticien Feb 2004
Review
Topics: Diuretics; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Humans; Hypertension; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 15109183
DOI: No ID Found -
Cardiology Clinics Feb 1994This review has summarized the current role of diuretic therapy in heart failure, emphasizing those aspects most relevant to this patient population. Recommended... (Review)
Review
This review has summarized the current role of diuretic therapy in heart failure, emphasizing those aspects most relevant to this patient population. Recommended diuretic usage is as follows: Asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction--establish moderate sodium intake, Mild sodium retention--thiazide-type diuretic or low-dose loop diuretic; continue moderate sodium intake; combine with an ACE inhibitor, Moderate sodium retention--loop diuretic, adjusting for renal function, if necessary; continue moderate sodium intake; combine with an ACE inhibitor, Severe sodium retention--large-dose loop diuretic combined with a thiazide-type diuretic; continue moderate sodium intake; ACE inhibitor, unless contraindicated; consider addition of a potassium-sparing diuretic Treatment measures for refractory sodium retention--intermittent intravenous loop diuretic; short-term infusion of a loop diuretic; intensified combination oral diuretic therapy; intravenous positive inotropic therapy; ultrafiltration or dialysis. In addition, the well-known adverse effect of electrolyte depletion and guidelines for electrolyte replacement have been discussed. It is evident that the diuretic class of pharmacologic therapy has not been as well assessed as both the positive inotrope and vasodilator classes. Limitations in this regard have been summarized recently. Even relatively simple parameters or instruments, such as the sodium retention score, when applied to clinical trials will yield a greater understanding of the utility and limitations of diuretic therapy for heart failure.
Topics: Animals; Diuretics; Heart Failure; Humans; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
PubMed: 8181024
DOI: No ID Found -
Cardiology in Review 2000The principal goals of treatment of the patient in heart failure are the relief of their symptoms and improvement in their prognosis. Of all antiheart failure drugs... (Review)
Review
The principal goals of treatment of the patient in heart failure are the relief of their symptoms and improvement in their prognosis. Of all antiheart failure drugs currently available, the diuretics are therapeutically superior in their efficacy in relieving clinical symptoms and signs. Whether administered intravenously or orally, all diuretics result in a substantial reduction in the raised pulmonary vascular pressures in combination with a small reduction in cardiac output. Diuretics stimulate release of renin with subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, particularly if used in large doses, although their quantitative impact on the neuroendocrine profile at different stages of heart failure remains to be defined. In patients with mild heart failure, diuretics reduce plasma catecholamine concentrations, but their sympatholytic effects in more severe cases are unknown, as are their effects on the metabolically active tissues in these patients. Diuretic resistance can be circumvented by segmental nephron blockade with a combination of low-dose diuretics that simultaneously block sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct. Diuretics improve symptoms of breathlessness and signs of peripheral edema in patients with congestive heart failure in direct relationship to the induced diuresis. These benefits are frequently associated with a substantial improvement in patients' appreciation of quality of life and economic capacity. There are few adverse reactions to chronic diuretic therapy, but the serum electrolytes should be monitored for hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. The impact of diuretics on prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure is unknown; however, diuretics have been a major ingredient of the therapies used in all the survival trials with vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and beta-blocking drugs. In addition to their clinical benefits, diuretics are the most cost-effective treatment of any single drug group currently available for the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diuretics; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; United Kingdom
PubMed: 11174882
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Internal Medicine Sep 1994The use of diuretics for the treatment of sodium retention in congestive heart failure was evaluated. Particular focus was given to the altered renal response to... (Review)
Review
The use of diuretics for the treatment of sodium retention in congestive heart failure was evaluated. Particular focus was given to the altered renal response to diuretics in patients with heart failure and adverse responses to diuretic therapy. Highlighted information included historical aspects of the development of diuretics, mechanisms of sodium retention, the physiologic and clinical response to diuretics, and the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diuretics in congestive heart failure. Despite more than 60 years of empiric diuretic use in heart failure, the actual database regarding the long-term efficacy, adverse effects, and altered mortality outcome in heart failure is relatively small. Existent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are typically not collected within the context of heart failure efficacy trials. In addition to altered electrolyte transport and total-body electrolyte depletion, diuretics may be associated with adverse neurohormonal activation. Thus, guidelines for acute and long-term therapy with diuretics in heart failure remain somewhat empiric. Diuretics will remain a mainstay for the treatment of edema in congestive heart failure but must be accompanied by moderate sodium restriction. However, large clinical trials of diuretics would be necessary to demonstrate that improved clinical efficacy with edema reduction is not offset by adverse effects, which include electrolyte depletion, ventricular arrhythmias, and subsequent increased mortality.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Benzothiadiazines; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Diuretics; Drug Resistance; Edema; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Heart Failure; Hemodynamics; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Renal Circulation; Sodium; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
PubMed: 8074594
DOI: No ID Found -
Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism &... Sep 2011Diuretics are widely recommended in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). However, loop diuretics predispose patients to electrolyte imbalance and hypovolemia, which... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Diuretics are widely recommended in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). However, loop diuretics predispose patients to electrolyte imbalance and hypovolemia, which in turn leads to neurohormonal activation and worsening renal function (WRF). Unfortunately, despite their widespread use, limited data from randomized clinical trials are available to guide clinicians with the appropriate management of this diuretic therapy.
AREAS COVERED
This review focuses on the current management of diuretic therapy and discusses data supporting the efficacy and safety of loop diuretics in patients with AHF. The authors consider the challenges in performing clinical trials of diuretics in AHF, and describe ongoing clinical trials designed to rigorously evaluate optimal diuretic use in this syndrome. The authors review the current evidence for diuretics and suggest hypothetical bases for their efficacy relying on the complex relationship among diuretics, neurohormonal activation, renal function, fluid and sodium management, and heart failure syndrome.
EXPERT OPINION
Data from several large registries that evaluated diuretic therapy in hospitalized patients with AHF suggest that its efficacy is far from being universal. Further studies are warranted to determine whether high-dose diuretics are responsible for WRF and a higher rate of coexisting renal disease are instead markers of more severe heart failure. The authors believe that monitoring congestion during diuretic therapy in AHF would refine the current approach to AHF treatment. This would allow clinicians to identify high-risk patients and possibly reduce the incidence of complications secondary to fluid management strategies.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Diuretics; Heart Failure; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
PubMed: 21599566
DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.586629 -
Kardiologiia Sep 2016Diuretic drugs - one of the most frequently prescribed groups of drugs in cardiology practice, primarily in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic heart... (Review)
Review
Diuretic drugs - one of the most frequently prescribed groups of drugs in cardiology practice, primarily in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic heart failure (CHF). The article discusses the features of thiazide and loop diuretics, questions the selection of individual representatives of this class of drugs. Particular attention is paid to the loop diuretic torasemide, possessing, in addition to antihypertensive and diuretic effects, additional features such as the ability to reduce the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, reduce the severity of myocardial fibrosis, no negative influence on lipid and carbohydrate exchange, uric acid levels and blood electrolytes.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Diuretics; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
PubMed: 28290870
DOI: 10.18565/cardio.2016.9.80-83 -
Journal of the American Geriatrics... Jan 1966
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Annals of Internal Medicine May 1991Diuretic drugs usually improve edema when used judiciously. Some patients, however, become resistant to their effects. Diuretic resistance may result from dietary... (Review)
Review
Diuretic drugs usually improve edema when used judiciously. Some patients, however, become resistant to their effects. Diuretic resistance may result from dietary indiscretion, poor compliance, impaired bioavailability, imparied diuretic secretion into the lumen of the renal tubule, or because other drugs interfere with diuretic activity. When easily treatable causes of diuretic resistance have been excluded, resistance often reflects the intensity of the stimuli to sodium retention. Recent experimental work has indicated ways in which the kidney adapts to chronic diuretic treatment and has indicated how these adaptations may limit diuretic effectiveness. First, nephron segments downstream from the site of diuretic action increase sodium-chloride (NaCl) reabsorption because the delivered NaCl load increases. Second, diuretic-induced contraction of the extracellular fluid volume stimulates kidney tubules to retain NaCl until the next dose of diuretic is administered. Third, kidney tubules themselves may become hypertrophic because they are chronically stimulated by diuretic-induced increases in NaCl delivery. These adaptations all increase the rate of NaCl reabsorption and blunt the effectiveness of diuretic therapy. When diuretic resistance is present, using a second diuretic drug that acts in a different nephron segment is often effective. Recent experimental results suggest that a second class of drug may act synergistically with the first by blocking the adaptive processes that limit diuretic effectiveness. On the basis of an understanding of the mechanisms of diuretic adaptation and resistance, treatment regimens can be designed to block specific adaptive mechanisms and to improve diuretic therapy.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Diuretics; Drug Resistance; Drug Synergism; Edema; Humans; Kidney; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 2014951
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-114-10-886 -
American Journal of Therapeutics 2009One million patients are hospitalized each year with acute decompensated heart failure, and up to 20% of these patients are rehospitalized within a month after the acute... (Review)
Review
One million patients are hospitalized each year with acute decompensated heart failure, and up to 20% of these patients are rehospitalized within a month after the acute presentation. Acute heart failure (AHF) accounts for 50,000 deaths annually and is the most frequent reason for hospital admissions in the United States. This article reviews the therapeutic options and the results of recent clinical trials in the treatment of AHF. Most patients can be effectively managed by use of diuretic agents or diuretics in combinations with nitrates, IV nitroglycerin, IV nitroprusside, and possibly IV nesiritide. Ultrafiltration is a promising technique that can be very helpful in the resistant patient. However, given the ease of initiation of diuretic therapy, it is unlikely that ultrafiltration would supplant diuretic use in acutely symptomatic patients. Patients in acute distress with AHF almost invariably respond to diuretics or a vasodilator combined with diuretic therapy. The loop diuretics are the most effective diuretics and thus most frequently used agents in treating AHF. Currently, there are 4 loop diuretics in the US market: furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid. IV furosemide and ethacrynic acid have a prompt venous dilatory effect, consequently decrease left ventricular filling pressure and immediately relieve symptoms of pulmonary congestion, before a diuresis can occur. Furosemide is more often used than ethacrynic acid due to its reduced ototoxic potential. However, ethacrynic acid should be used in sulfa-sensitive patients because ethacrynic acid is the only loop diuretic, which does not contain a sulfa moiety.
Topics: Acute Disease; Diuretics; Drug Therapy, Combination; Heart Failure; Hospitalization; Humans; Patient Readmission; Ultrafiltration; United States
PubMed: 19142155
DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181966c06