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Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2015Children generally reject taking medicine which does not have a favorable shape, taste, flavor, etc. However, if a child who needs to take a medicine, rejects taking it,...
Children generally reject taking medicine which does not have a favorable shape, taste, flavor, etc. However, if a child who needs to take a medicine, rejects taking it, he might never recover from his condition. When a child is unable to take medicine orally, it is intravenously administered, and he and his caregivers then may experience stress. Syrups and suspensions are considered as favorable types of dosage forms in which to orally administer medicine to infants and children. However, they may have disadvantages such as solubility, a bad taste, portability problems or required refrigerator storage. World Health Organization (WHO) currently favors that infants and children be treated with oral solid medicines. New oral solid tablets, such as a mini-tablet, instead of liquid medicines are proposed for this group, however, there are a few reports that mini-tablets are suitable for infants and children. Palatability is one of the main elements of patient acceptability of an oral pediatric medicine. Palatability is defined as the overall appreciation of an oral medicinal product in relation to its smell, taste, aftertaste and feeling in the mouth. Design of the formulation of an oral pediatric medicine should be considered together with its palatability.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Child; Drug Design; Humans; Powders; Solubility; Suspensions; Tablets; Taste
PubMed: 25747220
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00228-4 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Mar 2021The neonatal and pediatric populations have long been neglected concerning the development of oral dosage forms. For close to two decades, caregivers have had to adjust... (Review)
Review
The neonatal and pediatric populations have long been neglected concerning the development of oral dosage forms. For close to two decades, caregivers have had to adjust the doses of the off-label medicines and drugs for adults to suit the neonatal and pediatric needs. This is due to the lack of rules and regulations regarding neonates and pediatrics clinical trials while pharmaceutical industries see this as a non-lucrative approach. Despite such limitations, the administration of solid and liquid dosage forms to neonates and pediatrics necessitates the development of new technologies and even new strategies to meet the needs. Current approaches have not only focused on the development of suitable dosage forms but also the advancement of devices to enhance drug administration to pediatrics and neonates. Though current approaches have significantly added to the number of pediatric and neonatal oral dosage formulations on the market, there is still more room for improvement(s). While novel dosage forms including multiparticulates, orodispersible tablets/films, and chewable tablets have extensively been researched, some administration devices (e.g., nipple shield, pill swallowing cup, and solid dosage pen) have also been explored. Although a few of these products are in the market, the concerted efforts of regulation administrative bodies, pharmaceutical industry settings, and scientists in academia have been oriented to address all issues and advance the neonatal and pediatric-centric pharmaceutical products.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Child; Dosage Forms; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Industry; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pediatrics; Tablets
PubMed: 33524524
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120296 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Feb 2022Fused Deposition Modeling is a suitable technique for the production of personalized solid oral dosage forms. For widespread application, it is necessary to be able to...
Fused Deposition Modeling is a suitable technique for the production of personalized solid oral dosage forms. For widespread application, it is necessary to be able to print a wide range of different formulations to address individual therapeutic needs. Due to the complexity of formulation composition (e.g., due to different compounds, excipients for enhancement of release and mechanical properties) and limited mechanical understanding, determination of suitable printing parameters is challenging. To address this challenge, we have developed a feed force tester using a Texture Analyser setup that mimics the actual printing process. Feed force data were compared to the mass of tablets printed from technical materials as well as pharmaceutical filaments containing ketoconazole at high drug loads of 20% and 40% and polyvinyl alcohol. By determining a feed force limit for the 3D printer from feed force data of several formulations printed, it was possible to specify the operable printing range, where printing is reproducible and printed mass corresponds the target mass. Based on these results, rational optimization of the printing process in terms of speed, time and temperature for different materials and formulations is possible.
Topics: Dosage Forms; Drug Liberation; Excipients; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 34958898
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121416 -
Gut Aug 1986The gastrointestinal transit of pharmaceutical dosage forms has been measured in 201 studies in normal subjects using gamma scintigraphy. Solutions, small pellets, and...
The gastrointestinal transit of pharmaceutical dosage forms has been measured in 201 studies in normal subjects using gamma scintigraphy. Solutions, small pellets, and single units (matrix tablets and osmotic pumps) were administered with different amounts of food in the stomach, ranging from fasted state to heavy breakfast. Gastric emptying was affected by the nature of the dosage form and the presence of food in the stomach. Solutions and pellets were emptied even when the stomach was in the digestive mode, while single units were retained for long periods of time, depending on the size of the meal. In contrast, measured intestinal transit times were independent of the dosage form and fed state. The small intestinal transit time of about three hours (mean +/- 1 h SEM) has implications for the design of dosage forms for the sustained release of drugs in specific positions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Capsules; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Drug Implants; Female; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Intestine, Small; Male; Middle Aged; Tablets
PubMed: 3732895
DOI: 10.1136/gut.27.8.886 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Feb 2016To investigate the effect of calcium ions on the disintegration of enteric-coated dosage forms, disintegration testing was performed on enteric-coated aspirin tablets in...
To investigate the effect of calcium ions on the disintegration of enteric-coated dosage forms, disintegration testing was performed on enteric-coated aspirin tablets in the presence and absence of calcium in the test media. The results show that the presence of calcium ions retards the disintegration of enteric-coated dosage forms. This finding, which has not been reported in scientific literature, sheds light on the importance of conducting well-designed detailed investigations into the potential of calcium from dietary sources, calcium supplements, antacids, and/or phosphate binders affecting the absorption of drugs formulated into enteric-coated dosage forms. Moreover, it shows the necessity to investigate the potential of the occurrence of additional nutrient-excipient interactions.
Topics: Aspirin; Calcium Chloride; Dosage Forms; Drug Liberation; Solubility; Tablets, Enteric-Coated
PubMed: 26523769
DOI: 10.1002/jps.24700 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Sep 2014Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important... (Review)
Review
Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important characteristic of mucosal vaccination is its ability to elicit local immune responses, which act against infection at the site of pathogen entry. However, mucosal surfaces are endowed with potent and sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to prevent the immune system from overreacting to the many environmental antigens. Hence, mucosal vaccination may suppress the immune system instead of induce a protective immune response. Therefore, mucosal adjuvants and/or special antigen delivery systems as well as appropriate dosage forms are required in order to develop potent mucosal vaccines. Whereas oral, nasal and pulmonary vaccine delivery strategies have been described extensively, the sublingual and buccal routes have received considerably less attention. In this review, the characteristics of and approaches for sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery are described and compared with other mucosal vaccine delivery sites. We discuss recent progress and highlight promising developments in the search for vaccine formulations, including adjuvants and suitable dosage forms, which are likely critical for designing a successful sublingual or buccal vaccine. Finally, we outline the challenges, hurdles to overcome and formulation issues relevant for sublingual or buccal vaccine delivery.
Topics: Administration, Buccal; Administration, Sublingual; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Vaccines
PubMed: 24911355
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.060 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jul 1972
Topics: Aspergillus; Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Dosage Forms; Drug Compounding; Emulsions; Escherichia coli; Ethers, Cyclic; Filtration; Hot Temperature; Methods; Ointments; Petrolatum; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Solutions; Staphylococcus; Sterilization; Stress, Mechanical; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 4625585
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600610708 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Oct 2021Foams are multiphase systems found throughout nature. We meet them equally often in our everyday life, starting with the foam in the morning espresso, where the foam... (Review)
Review
Foams are multiphase systems found throughout nature. We meet them equally often in our everyday life, starting with the foam in the morning espresso, where the foam should constitute 10% of the drink or in a glass of beer and ending with the evening bath with foam. These multiphase systems consist mainly of gas, which is separated by liquid or solid lamellae. The lamellae have a very large surface area and a small thickness, which results in their low stability. The foams in pharmaceutics are known for a long time as protective or therapeutic preparations for topical use. However, the physicochemical structure of both solid and liquid foams offers multiple fields of application in the modern therapy. For instance, owing to the unique structure, foams can be also used for parenteral use in the form of implants serving as a drug carrier and at the same time, a scaffold for regenerating the tissue. Foams can also be used orally in the form of controlled drug delivery systems that are potentially useful for sustained or targeted drug delivery. The article describes the unique advantages and features of foams that make them useful in modern pharmacotherapy.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 34325002
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.012 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2023Biopolysaccharides extracted from plants are mainly photosynthetic byproducts found in leaves, pods, stems, fruits, grains, seeds, corms, rhizomes, roots, bark exudates,... (Review)
Review
Biopolysaccharides extracted from plants are mainly photosynthetic byproducts found in leaves, pods, stems, fruits, grains, seeds, corms, rhizomes, roots, bark exudates, and other plant parts. Recently, these plant-derived biopolysaccharides have received a great deal of attention as pharmaceutical excipients in a range of different dosage forms because of several key advantages, such as widespread accessibility from nature as plant-based sources are readily available, sustainable production, availability of easy and cost-effective extraction methodologies, aqueous solubility, swelling capability in the aqueous medium, non-toxicity, biodegradability, etc. The current review presents a comprehensive overview of the uses of plant-derived biopolysaccharides as effective pharmaceutical excipients in the formulations of different kinds of dosage forms, for example gels, pastes, films, emulsions, suspensions, capsules, tablets, nanoparticles, microparticles, beads, buccal formulations, transdermal formulations, ocular formulations, nasal formulations, etc.
Topics: Excipients; Tablets; Drug Compounding; Capsules; Seeds; Solubility
PubMed: 36709807
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123454 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Feb 1999Besides parenteral delivery, polymeric nanoparticles have been used for oral drug delivery. In this study, model polymeric nanoparticles (aqueous colloidal polymer...
Besides parenteral delivery, polymeric nanoparticles have been used for oral drug delivery. In this study, model polymeric nanoparticles (aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions: Eudragit(R) RL 30D, L 30D, NE 30D, or Aquacoat(R)) with different physicochemical properties were incorporated into various solid dosage forms (granules, tablets, pellets or films). The compatibility of the nanoparticles with commonly used tabletting excipients and the redispersibility of the nanoparticles after contact of the solid dosage forms with aqueous media were investigated. Ideally, the nanoparticles should be released from the solid dosage forms with their original properties. The addition of polymeric binders (e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone, Na carboxymethylcellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) to the aqueous nanoparticle dispersions prior to wet granulation resulted in phase separation (depletion or bridging flocculation) for many nanoparticle/binder systems. Two critical parameters for the complete redispersibility/release of the nanoparticles with the original particle size properties from the solid dosage forms were a (1) high minimum film formation temperature (MFT) of the polymer dispersion and (2) a good wettability of the dried polymeric nanoparticles. Nanoparticle dispersions with a low MFT were not redispersible, they coalesced into larger agglomerates/films during the drying step. Contact angle measurements correlated well with the redispersibility of the nanoparticles, with ethylcellulose particles having high contact angles and poor redispersibility and Eudragit(R) RL, a polymer stabilized with quaternary ammonium groups, having low contact angles and good redispersibility.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Administration, Oral; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Excipients; Gels; Microspheres; Particle Size; Polymers; Polymethacrylic Acids; Powders; Tablets
PubMed: 9971890
DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00108-4