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International Journal of Pharmaceutics Jul 2016At present, the immediate-release solid dosage forms, such as the oral tablets and capsules, are granular solids. They release drug rapidly and have adequate mechanical...
At present, the immediate-release solid dosage forms, such as the oral tablets and capsules, are granular solids. They release drug rapidly and have adequate mechanical properties, but their manufacture is fraught with difficulties inherent in processing particulate matter. Such difficulties, however, could be overcome by liquid-based processing. Therefore, we have recently introduced polymeric cellular (i.e., highly porous) dosage forms prepared from a melt process. Experiments have shown that upon immersion in a dissolution medium, the cellular dosage forms with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as excipient and with predominantly open-cell topology disintegrate by exfoliation, thus enabling rapid drug release. If the volume fraction of voids of the open-cell structures is too large, however, their mechanical strength is adversely affected. At present, the common method for determining the tensile strength of brittle, solid dosage forms (such as select granular forms) is the diametral compression test. In this study, the theory of diametral compression is first refined to demonstrate that the relevant mechanical properties of ductile and cellular solids (i.e., the elastic modulus and the yield strength) can also be extracted from this test. Diametral compression experiments are then conducted on PEG-based solid and cellular dosage forms. It is found that the elastic modulus and yield strength of the open-cell structures are about an order of magnitude smaller than those of the non-porous solids, but still are substantially greater than the stiffness and strength requirements for handling the dosage forms manually. This work thus demonstrates that melt-processed polymeric cellular dosage forms that release drug rapidly can be designed and manufactured to have adequate mechanical properties.
Topics: Capsules; Dosage Forms; Drug Liberation; Elastic Modulus; Excipients; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Porosity; Solubility; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Tensile Strength
PubMed: 27178343
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.020 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jul 1977A colorimetric procedure for benzocaine and a number of its dosage forms was developed; it offers improvement in ease, speed, and sensitivity over the official method....
A colorimetric procedure for benzocaine and a number of its dosage forms was developed; it offers improvement in ease, speed, and sensitivity over the official method. The method is based on the formation of a red Schiff base between benzocaine and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde in a nonaqueous acidic medium. At the maximum absorption of 544 nm, the Beer-Lambert law was adhered to over the 0.025--2.5-microgram/ml range. Best accuracy can be obtained for solutions containing 0.25--1.25 microgram/ml. The color was stable for at least 2 hr. Analysis of benzocaine in the dosage forms studied can be directly performed without prior drug extraction.
Topics: Benzocaine; Colorimetry; Methods; Ointments; Suppositories; Tablets
PubMed: 886440
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600660736 -
American Pharmacy Sep 1994
Comparative Study
Topics: Administration, Oral; Deglutition Disorders; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Humans; Tablets
PubMed: 7977021
DOI: 10.1016/s0160-3450(15)30327-5 -
Die Pharmazie Aug 1973
Review
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alcohols; Bile Acids and Salts; Biopharmaceutics; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dosage Forms; Drug Stability; Gels; Kinetics; Membranes; Oils; Permeability; Skin Absorption; Solubility; Solutions; Steroids; Surface-Active Agents; Suspensions; Tablets
PubMed: 4593892
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Controlled Release :... May 2000Four types of complex oral drug delivery devices have been fabricated using the three dimensional printing process. Immediate-extended release tablets were fabricated...
Four types of complex oral drug delivery devices have been fabricated using the three dimensional printing process. Immediate-extended release tablets were fabricated which were composed of two drug-containing sections of different pH-based release mechanisms. Pulsed release of chlorpheniramine maleate occurred after a lag time of 10 min followed by extended release of the compound over a period of 7 h. Breakaway tablets were fabricated composed of three sections. An interior fast-eroding section separating two drug-releasing sub-units eroded in 30-45 min in simulated gastric fluid. Enteric dual pulsatory tablets were constructed of one continuous enteric excipient phase into which diclofenac sodium was printed into two separated areas. These samples showed two pulses of release during in vitro USP dissolution at 1 and 8 h with a lag time between pulses of about 4 h. Dual pulsatory tablets were also fabricated. These samples were composed of two erosion based excipient sections of opposite pH based solubility. One section eroded immediately during the acid dissolution stage releasing diclofenac during the first 30 min, and the second section began eroding 5 h later during the high pH stage.
Topics: Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Drug Compounding; Excipients; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Powders; Solubility; Tablets, Enteric-Coated
PubMed: 10708874
DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00224-2 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Feb 2007There is an increasing demand for new approaches to understand the chemical and physical phenomena that occur during pharmaceutical unit operations. Obtaining real-time... (Review)
Review
There is an increasing demand for new approaches to understand the chemical and physical phenomena that occur during pharmaceutical unit operations. Obtaining real-time information from processes opens new perspectives for safer and more efficient manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Raman spectroscopy provides a molecular level insight into processing, and therefore it is a future process analytical tool. In this review, different applications of Raman spectroscopy in the field of process analysis of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms are summarized. In addition, pitfalls associated with interfacing to the process environment and challenges within data management are discussed.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dosage Forms; Drug Compounding; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 17270071
DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.2.0004 -
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Sep 2007Interest in hot-melt extrusion techniques for pharmaceutical applications is growing rapidly with well over 100 papers published in the pharmaceutical scientific... (Review)
Review
Interest in hot-melt extrusion techniques for pharmaceutical applications is growing rapidly with well over 100 papers published in the pharmaceutical scientific literature in the last 12 years. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has been a widely applied technique in the plastics industry and has been demonstrated recently to be a viable method to prepare several types of dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Hot-melt extruded dosage forms are complex mixtures of active medicaments, functional excipients, and processing aids. HME also offers several advantages over traditional pharmaceutical processing techniques including the absence of solvents, few processing steps, continuous operation, and the possibility of the formation of solid dispersions and improved bioavailability. This article, Part I, reviews the pharmaceutical applications of hot-melt extrusion, including equipment, principles of operation, and process technology. The raw materials processed using this technique are also detailed and the physicochemical properties of the resultant dosage forms are described. Part II of this review will focus on various applications of HME in drug delivery such as granules, pellets, immediate and modified release tablets, transmucosal and transdermal systems, and implants.
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Industry; Excipients; Hot Temperature; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 17891577
DOI: 10.1080/03639040701498759 -
The New York Journal of Dentistry 1979
Topics: Aspirin; Dosage Forms; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Tablets; Tablets, Enteric-Coated
PubMed: 287960
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sep 1984A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitation of metronidazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. The method is accurate...
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitation of metronidazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. The method is accurate and precise with an RSD of 0.68%, based on six readings. The excipients present in various dosage forms did not interfere with the assay procedure. A solution of metronidazole decomposed using heat showed 0% potency.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Metronidazole; Powders; Solutions; Tablets
PubMed: 6491967
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600730944 -
The Analyst Oct 1996
Review
Topics: Capsules; Delayed-Action Preparations; Tablets
PubMed: 8918212
DOI: 10.1039/an996210091r