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Environmental Health and Preventive... Mar 2020In low resourced countries, water-associated diseases have still impact on public health. Poor quality of water can cause waterborne diseases through bacteria, viruses,...
BACKGROUND
In low resourced countries, water-associated diseases have still impact on public health. Poor quality of water can cause waterborne diseases through bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that has been responsible for millions of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to assess quality and safety of public municipal drinking water in Addis Ababa City.
METHODS
Descriptive epidemiological study design that used quantitative approach was carried out at Addis Ababa City Administration from June 2016 to October 2016. Pre-tested and standardized aseptic sample collection technique was utilized to collect a total of 2976 samples (2951 water samples for bacteriological analysis by Presence-Absence (P-A) culturing method and 25 samples for parasites identification through direct microscopy examination). Descriptive data were summarized and cleaned by the SPSS version 20 software and presented in table and graph.
RESULTS
The study revealed that 10%, 7% and 3% were positive for bacteriological, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms respectively through Presence-Absence Broth test. The bacterial distribution trends from 1st to 13th weeks of wet season were slight increment of total coliforms and slight decrement for fecal coliforms. All tested for parasitological samples from selected reservoirs were free from parasitological species.
CONCLUSION
This study reflects that there were positive for bacterial, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms during the study period. It needs continuous screening and treating water sources to utmost important for prevention and control waterborne disease.
Topics: Cities; Drinking Water; Ethiopia; Seasons; Water Quality
PubMed: 32151243
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00847-8 -
Biological Trace Element Research Apr 2019A systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk considering fluoride content of drinking water resources of 31 provinces of Iran among some international... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk considering fluoride content of drinking water resources of 31 provinces of Iran among some international databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and national databases including SID and Irandoc (2011 to July 2017) were conducted. In this context, 10 articles (40 studies) with 1706 samples were included in meta-analyses and risk assessment studies. The pooled concentration of fluoride in the cold, mild, and warm weather provinces were calculated as 0.39 mg/L (95% CI 0.32-0.48 mg/L), 0.52 (95% CI 0.43-0.61 mg/L), and 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-0.94 mg/L), respectively. The pooled concentration of fluoride in Iranian drinking water resources was 0.51 (95% CI 0.45-0.57 mg/L). The minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride content were related to Kermanshah (0.19 mg/L) and Kerman (1.13 mg/L) provinces, respectively. The HQ of fluoride in the children and adults were 0.462 and 0.077, respectively as children are more vulnerable than adults. The HQ for children and adults was lower than 1 value. Therefore, there is no considerable non-carcinogenic risk for consumers due to drinking water in Iran. Although the non-carcinogenic of fluoride in drinking water was not significant, fluoride entry from other sources, such as food or inhalation, could endanger the health of the residents of Kerman and Bushehr provinces.
Topics: Adult; Drinking Water; Environmental Exposure; Fluorides; Humans; Iran; Risk Assessment; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Weather
PubMed: 29943372
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1418-7 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2019An epidemiological survey conducted among users of water points and medical institutions in the N'djili Kilambu neighborhood of Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the...
Prevalence of water-related diseases and groundwater (drinking-water) contamination in the suburban municipality of Mont Ngafula, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo).
An epidemiological survey conducted among users of water points and medical institutions in the N'djili Kilambu neighborhood of Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo, indicates that waterborne diseases have already affected more than 60% of the patients admitted to local clinics between 2013 and 2017. In order to raise public and political awareness about this hazardous health issue resulting from the lack of safely managed sanitation systems, this study investigates the microbial quality of drinking water from local water resources. Water samples were collected from nine wells and streams used as drinking sources, and analyzed for Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB), including , , and Total Coliforms. Physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, O, and soluble ions (Na, K, PO, SO, NO, NO) were also analyzed. Except for NO and NO, the average concentrations of the physicochemical parameters and dissolved ions generally meet the guidelines for drinking/domestic water quality. By contrast, the results reveal high levels of FIB in the water samples collected during both dry and wet seasons. The contamination is significantly higher during the wet season compared to dry season, due to increased runoff, open defecation practices, and more frequent overflow of onsite sanitation systems and septic tanks.
Topics: Bacteria; Cities; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Drinking Water; Feces; Groundwater; Humans; Prevalence; Seasons; Waterborne Diseases
PubMed: 30964378
DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1596702 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... Nov 2011Excess lead in drinking water is a neglected source of lead toxicity in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey in 2007/08 was made of water samples from drinking water...
Excess lead in drinking water is a neglected source of lead toxicity in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey in 2007/08 was made of water samples from drinking water sources in Karachi, a large industrial city. This study aimed to compare lead levels between untreated ground water and treated surface (tap) water in 18 different districts. Of 216 ground and surface water samples collected, 86% had lead levels higher than the World Health Organization maximum acceptable concentration of l0 ppb. Mean lead concentration in ground water [146 (SD 119) ppb] was significantly higher than in surface water [77.1 (SD 54) ppb]. None of the 18 districts had a mean lead level of ground or surface water below the WHO cut-off and ground water sources in 9 districts had a severe level of contamination (>150 ppb). Urgent action is needed to eliminate sources of contamination.
Topics: Drinking Water; Environmental Exposure; Lead; Pakistan
PubMed: 22276499
DOI: 10.26719/2011.17.11.882 -
Comptes Rendus Biologies 2013Water is at the center of the plant and animal life, the foundation upon which the health of human settlement and development of civilizations rely on. In tropical...
Water is at the center of the plant and animal life, the foundation upon which the health of human settlement and development of civilizations rely on. In tropical regions, 80% of diseases are transmitted either by germs in the water, or by vectors staying in it. In Sub-Saharan Africa, statistics show particularly high levels of unmet needs of populations in access to drinking water in a context of socioeconomic development. For this purpose, this study aims to determine the influence of access to drinking water on the health of populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from Cameroon, Senegal and Chad, it is clear from the descriptive analysis that 60% (Cameroon), and 59% (Chad) of the cases of childhood diarrhea in these two countries are due to the consumption of dirty water. In terms of explanatory analysis, we note that when a household in Cameroon, Senegal or Chad does not have access to drinking water, children under 5 years old residing there are respectively 1.29, 1.27 and 1.03 times more likely to have diarrhea than those residing in households with easy access to drinking water. In view of these results, it is recommended to increase access to drinking water in particular by reducing disparities between the rich and poor people.
Topics: Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Cameroon; Child; Demography; Diarrhea; Drinking Water; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Population; Rural Population; Senegal; Urban Population; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution; Water Supply
PubMed: 23916208
DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.06.001 -
Journal of Water and Health Mar 2013Site-specific information about local water sources is an important part of a community-driven effort to improve environmental conditions. The purpose of this assessment...
Site-specific information about local water sources is an important part of a community-driven effort to improve environmental conditions. The purpose of this assessment was to gather this information for residents of rural villages in Ghana. Sanitary surveys and bacteriological testing for total coliforms and Escherichia coli (EC) using Colilert(®) were conducted at nearly 80 water sources serving eight villages. A focus group was carried out to assess the desirability and perceived quality of water sources. Standpipes accounted for almost half of the available water sources; however, a third of them were not functioning at the time of the survey. EC bacteria were found in the majority of shallow wells (80%), rivers (67%), and standpipes (61%), as well as 28% of dug wells. Boreholes were free of EC. Residents felt that the standpipes and boreholes produced safe drinking water. Intermittent service and poor water quality from the piped supply has led to limited access to drinking water. The perception of residents, that the water from standpipes is clean and does not need to be treated at home, is particularly troubling in light of the poor bacteriological quality of water from the standpipes.
Topics: Drinking Water; Ghana; Humans; Rural Population; Water Supply
PubMed: 23428558
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.104 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 2021Drinking water exposure to microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR), the most widely occurring cyanotoxins, poses a highly potential risk for human health. However, the...
Drinking water exposure to microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR), the most widely occurring cyanotoxins, poses a highly potential risk for human health. However, the health risk of MC-LR exposure at current guideline value in drinking water has not yet entirely evaluated. In the current study, we used H NMR-based metabolomics combined with targeted metabolic profiling by GC/LC-MS to explore the toxic effects of MC-LR exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations via drinking water in rats. The results revealed that multiple biological consequences of MC-LR exposure on host metabolism in rats. Both relatively low and high doses of MC-LR used here induced hepatic lipogenesis and inflammation. While only relatively high dose MC-LR (10 μg/L) in drinking water caused more metabolic disorders including inhibition of gluconeogenesis and promotion of β-oxidation of fatty acid. Although the dose of 1.0 μg/L MC-LR is extremely low for rats, alterations of metabolic profiles were unexpectedly found in rat liver and serum, alarming potential health risk of MC-LR at the WHO guideline level.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; Drinking Water; Liver; Male; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Microcystins; Rats
PubMed: 33524913
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111989 -
Water Research Nov 2020This study establishes a new understanding of the contributions of Al residue in a megalopolitan drinking water supply system with mixed water sources. The different...
This study establishes a new understanding of the contributions of Al residue in a megalopolitan drinking water supply system with mixed water sources. The different influences and contributions of foreign water source, resident migration and season changing to Al residue in drinking water were investigated. Especially, the role of Southern water transferred over 1200 km via the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in the Al residue of drinking water supply system of a northern megalopolitan were revealed for the first time. Comparisons of big data on Al residue in the water supply system with sole and mixed water sources showed that the introduction of Southern water enhanced the Al residue in drinking water by over 35%. The world's largest annual residents' migration during Chinese Lunar New Year and the changes of season affect the water pipework hydrodynamics, which were embodied as the periodic changes of particulate aluminium and the relations with resident's temporal-spatial distribution in the megalopolitan. Because of the differences in water quality, Southern water promotes the release of historically deposited Al and facilitates the cleaning of old pipes.
Topics: Drinking Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Water Quality; Water Supply
PubMed: 32882454
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116335 -
Analytical Chemistry Apr 2020A novel method for quickly and quantitatively measuring aqueous lead in drinking water has been developed. A commercially available activated carbon felt has been found...
A novel method for quickly and quantitatively measuring aqueous lead in drinking water has been developed. A commercially available activated carbon felt has been found to effectively capture lead from tap water, and partnered with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, it provides quantitative measurement of aqueous lead in drinking water. Specifically, for a 2 L volume of tap water, the linear range of detection was found to be from 1-150 ppb, encompassing the current EPA limit for lead in drinking water (15 ppb). To make a reproducible and easy to use method for filtering, a 2 L bottle cap with a 1.25 cm diameter hole was used for filtering. Utilizing this filtration method, 75 solutions from 0 to 150 ppb lead gave a 91% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 93% accuracy, and all the misclassified samples fell between 10 and 15 ppb. This method has also proved reliable for detecting calcium as well as several other divalent metals in drinking water including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese.
Topics: Drinking Water; Environmental Monitoring; Lead; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
PubMed: 32100538
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05058 -
Neurotoxicology Sep 2014Recent seminal studies have established neurodegeneration, cognitive waning and/or β-amyloid deposition due to chronic copper intoxication via drinking water in healthy... (Review)
Review
Recent seminal studies have established neurodegeneration, cognitive waning and/or β-amyloid deposition due to chronic copper intoxication via drinking water in healthy animals; henceforth, fuelling the debate all again over the safe levels of copper in the drinking water. This review encompasses the contemporary imperative animal studies in which the effect of chronic copper toxicity (especially via drinking water) was evaluated on the central nervous system and memory of uncompromised animals along with discussing the future perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Copper; Drinking Water; Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System; Humans
PubMed: 24880014
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.005