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Nanomedicine (London, England) Sep 2013
Topics: Brain; Drug Administration Routes; Humans; Nanoparticles; Polymers
PubMed: 23987107
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.135 -
Current Drug Delivery 2020At present, the controlled local drug delivery is a very promising approach compared to systemic administration, since it mostly targets the affected tissue. In fact,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
At present, the controlled local drug delivery is a very promising approach compared to systemic administration, since it mostly targets the affected tissue. In fact, various drug carriers for local delivery have been prepared with improved therapeutic efficacy.
OBJECTIVE
polymer gels are drug delivery systems that not only present liquid characteristics before their administration in body, but once they are administered, form gels due to gelation. Their gelation mechanism is due to factors such as pH alteration, temperature change, ion activation or ultraviolet irradiation. gels offer various advantages compared to conventional formulations due to their ability to release drugs in a sustainable and controllable manner. Most importantly, gels can be used in local drug delivery applications for various diseases.
METHODS
This review includes the basic knowledge and theory of gels as well as their various applications according to their administration route.
RESULTS
Various natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic polymers can produce polymeric gels. For example, natural polysaccharides such as alginic acid, chitosan, gellan gum, carrageenan . have been utilized as gels for topical delivery. Besides the polysaccharides, poloxamers, poly(Nisopropylacrylamide), poly(ethyleneoxide)/ (lactic-co-glycolic acid), and thermosensitive liposome systems can be applied as gels. In most cases, polymeric gels could be applied various administration routes such as oral, vaginal, ocular, intranasal and injectable.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, it can be revealed that gels could be a promising alternative carrier for both chronic and immediate diseases.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Ophthalmic; Administration, Oral; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chronic Disease; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Implants; Drug Liberation; Gels; Humans; Injections; Phase Transition; Polymers
PubMed: 32510291
DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200608145748 -
Anaesthesia Jun 2007
Topics: Anesthesiology; Drug Administration Routes; Equipment Design; Europe; Humans; Medication Errors; Safety Management
PubMed: 17506729
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05130.x -
International Immunopharmacology Mar 2014Route of vaccine administration plays an important role in the development of immune response. Antigen administered via different anatomical sites interacts with diverse... (Review)
Review
Route of vaccine administration plays an important role in the development of immune response. Antigen administered via different anatomical sites interacts with diverse subsets of antigen presenting cells. Diverse population of antigen presenting cells directs a drastically different immune response. Initially, the recommended routes for vaccine administration were also selected on the basis of clinical trials conducted for the drug molecules. However, physicochemical and pharmaceutical behaviors of proteins (antigens) and chemical compounds are entirely different. Most of the commercial vaccines are injected in the arm or in the scapular region (deltoid muscle). Vaccine administered to these conventional anatomical sites has failed to induce desired immune response due to lack of optimum level of antigen presenting cells. In this review, we have discussed the importance of the selection of anatomical sites for vaccine administration. Mere selection of an optimum site for vaccine administration may drastically change the immune response of the current marketed formulations without any alteration in their existing production plans.
Topics: Animals; Drug Administration Routes; Humans; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 24406427
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.023 -
Human Vaccines 2008Vaccination is a proven public health initiative, however it is imperative in the context of increasing concerns about vaccine induced adverse reactions and a decreasing...
Vaccination is a proven public health initiative, however it is imperative in the context of increasing concerns about vaccine induced adverse reactions and a decreasing incidence of diseases they prevent that the optimal route for their administration is defined. Traditionally all vaccines were given by subcutaneous injection until it was recognized that adjuvanted vaccines given via this route induced an unacceptable rate of injection site reaction. Evidence-based medicine has been championed as a way of improving the quality of patient care. Application of this methodology to the route of administration of vaccines demonstrates that vaccines should be given by intramuscular injection in preference to subcutaneous injection as the intramuscular route is associated with better immune response and a lower rate of injection site reaction. The basis of this superiority is discussed.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Oral; Administration, Rectal; Bacterial Vaccines; Drug Administration Routes; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Vaccination; Vaccines; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 17881890
DOI: 10.4161/hv.4.1.4747 -
International Journal of Oncology Jan 2000Effectiveness of electrochemotherapy against colorectal carcinoma (CRC) was evaluated in a mouse model. When mice with a subcutaneously established CRC tumor were...
Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin against colorectal carcinoma in a mouse model: evaluations of the dose and administration route of the drug and the electric field intensity.
Effectiveness of electrochemotherapy against colorectal carcinoma (CRC) was evaluated in a mouse model. When mice with a subcutaneously established CRC tumor were administered intratumorally, intravenously or intraperitoneally with bleomycin (BLM) ranging from 1/50 to 1/2 of the 50% lethal dose, significant suppression of tumor development and even some cures were observed. When various electric field intensities ranging from 500 to 2,000 V/cm were applied for electrochemotherapy with BLM, all treatment protocols were similarly effective. Furthermore, when electrochemotherapy with the lowest dose of BLM and the lowest electric field intensity was repeated, complete cures of CRC were achieved in all animals.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Bleomycin; Colorectal Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Administration Routes; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Electrochemistry; Female; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasm Transplantation; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 10601553
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.16.1.97 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Oct 2012IgE-mediated allergy is a highly prevalent disease in the industrialized world. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) should be the preferred treatment, as it has long... (Review)
Review
IgE-mediated allergy is a highly prevalent disease in the industrialized world. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) should be the preferred treatment, as it has long lasting protective effects and can stop the progression of the disease. However, few allergic patients choose to undergo SIT, due to the long treatment time and potential allergic adverse events. Since the beneficial effects of SIT are mediated by antigen presenting cells inducing Th1, Treg and antibody responses, whereas the adverse events are caused by mast cells and basophils, the therapeutic window of SIT may be widened by targeting tissues rich in antigen presenting cells. Lymph nodes and the epidermis contain high density of dendritic cells and low numbers of mast cells and basophils. The epidermis has the added benefit of not being vascularised thereby reducing the chances of anaphylactic shock due to leakage of allergen. Hence, both these tissues represent highly promising routes for SIT and are the focus of discussion in this review.
Topics: Animals; Desensitization, Immunologic; Drug Administration Routes; Humans
PubMed: 23095873
DOI: 10.4161/hv.21948 -
Neurotoxicology Sep 2021The persisting need for effective clinical treatment of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) motivates critical evaluation of preclinical models of CIN for their...
The persisting need for effective clinical treatment of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) motivates critical evaluation of preclinical models of CIN for their translational relevance. The present study aimed to provide the first quantitative evaluation of neural tissue exposed in vivo to a platinum-based anticancer compound, oxaliplatin (OX) during and after two commonly used dosing regimens: slow IV infusion used clinically and bolus IP injection used preclinically. Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of dorsal root ganglia indicated that while differences in the temporal dynamics of platinum distribution exist, key drivers of neurotoxicity, e.g. peak concentrations and exposure, were not different across the two routes of administration. We conclude that the IP route of OX administration achieves clinically relevant pharmacokinetic exposure of neural tissues in a rodent model of CIN.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Administration Routes; Ganglia, Spinal; Infusions, Parenteral; Oxaliplatin; Platinum Compounds; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 34363843
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.002 -
PloS One 2019We assessed the impact of intravenous (IV) infusion versus intramuscular (IM) oxytocin on postpartum blood loss and rates of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) when... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
We assessed the impact of intravenous (IV) infusion versus intramuscular (IM) oxytocin on postpartum blood loss and rates of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) when administered during the third stage of labor. While oxytocin is recommended for prevention of PPH, few double-blind studies have compared outcomes by routes of administration.
METHODS
A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial was conducted at a hospital in Argentina. Participants were assigned to receive 10 IU oxytocin via IV infusion or IM injection and a matching saline ampoule for the other route after vaginal birth. Blood loss was measured using a calibrated receptacle for a 1-hour minimum. Shock index (SI) was also calculated, based on vital signs measurements, and additional interventions were recorded. Primary outcomes included: the frequency of blood loss ≥500ml and mean blood loss.
RESULTS
239 (IV infusion) and 241 (IM) women were enrolled with comparable baseline characteristics. Mean blood loss was 43ml less in the IV infusion group (p = 0.161). Rates of blood loss ≥500ml were similar (IV infusion = 21%; IM = 24%, p = 0.362). Women in the IV infusion group received significantly fewer additional uterotonics (5%), than women in the IM group (12%, p = 0.007). Women with PPH in the IM group experienced a larger increase in SI after delivery, which may have influenced recourse to additional interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
The route of oxytocin administration for PPH prevention did not significantly impact measured blood loss after vaginal birth. However, differences were observed in recourse to additional uterotonics, favoring IV infusion over IM. In settings where IV lines are routinely placed, oxytocin infusion may be preferable to IM injection.
Topics: Adult; Argentina; Delivery, Obstetric; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Routes; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intramuscular; Labor, Obstetric; Oxytocin; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy
PubMed: 31574114
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222981 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2010
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Approval; Ethics Committees, Research; Humans; Informed Consent; Injections, Spinal; Nervous System; Off-Label Use
PubMed: 20360092
DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5974.45-a