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Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 1990The adverse effects of ethanol on bacterial growth, viability, and metabolism are caused primarily by ethanol-induced leakage of the plasma membrane. This increase in... (Review)
Review
The adverse effects of ethanol on bacterial growth, viability, and metabolism are caused primarily by ethanol-induced leakage of the plasma membrane. This increase in membrane leakage is consistent with known biophysical properties of membranes and ethanolic solutions. The primary actions of ethanol result from colligative effects of the high molar concentrations rather than from specific interactions with receptors. The ethanol tolerance of growth in different microorganisms appears to result in large part from adaptive and evolutionary changes in cell membrane composition. Different cellular activities vary in their tolerance to ethanol. Therefore, it is essential that the aspect of cellular function under study be specifically defined and that comparisons of ethanol tolerance among systems share this common definition. Growth is typically one of the most sensitive cellular activities to inhibition by ethanol, followed by survival, or loss of reproductive ability. Glycolysis is the most resistant of these three activities. Since glycolysis is an exergonic process, a cell need not be able to grow or remain viable for glycolysis to occur.
Topics: Bacteria; Biotechnology; Drug Tolerance; Ethanol; Fermentation
PubMed: 2178781
DOI: 10.3109/07388558909036741 -
Anesthesiology Feb 2016
Review
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Hyperalgesia
PubMed: 26594912
DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000963 -
Advances in Pharmacology 1964
Review
Topics: Drug Tolerance; Pharmacology; Substance-Related Disorders; Toxicology
PubMed: 14232794
DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61114-x -
Epilepsia Aug 2006Development of tolerance (i.e., the reduction in response to a drug after repeated administration) is an adaptive response of the body to prolonged exposure to the drug,... (Review)
Review
Development of tolerance (i.e., the reduction in response to a drug after repeated administration) is an adaptive response of the body to prolonged exposure to the drug, and tolerance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is no exception. Tolerance develops to some drug effects much more rapidly than to others. The extent of tolerance depends on the drug and individual (genetic?) factors. Tolerance may lead to attenuation of side effects but also to loss of efficacy of AEDs and is reversible after discontinuation of drug treatment. Different experimental approaches are used to study tolerance in laboratory animals. Development of tolerance depends on the experimental model, drug, drug dosage, and duration of treatment, so that a battery of experimental protocols is needed to evaluate fully whether tolerance to effect occurs. Two major types of tolerance are known. Pharmacokinetic (metabolic) tolerance, due to induction of AED-metabolizing enzymes has been shown for most first-generation AEDs, and is easy to overcome by increasing dosage. Pharmacodynamic (functional) tolerance is due to "adaptation" of AED targets (e.g., by loss of receptor sensitivity) and has been shown experimentally for all AEDs that lose activity during prolonged treatment. Functional tolerance may lead to complete loss of AED activity and cross-tolerance to other AEDs. Convincing experimental evidence indicates that almost all first-, second-, and third-generation AEDs lose their antiepileptic activity during prolonged treatment, although to a different extent. Because of diverse confounding factors, detecting tolerance in patients with epilepsy is more difficult but can be done with careful assessment of decline during long-term individual patient response. After excluding confounding factors, tolerance to antiepileptic effect for most modern and old AEDs can be shown in small subgroups of responders by assessing individual or group response. Development of tolerance to the antiepileptic activity of an AED may be an important reason for failure of drug treatment. Knowledge of tolerance to AED effects as a mechanism of drug resistance in previous responders is important for patients, physicians, and scientists.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; Drug Tolerance; Enzyme Induction; Epilepsy; Humans; Kindling, Neurologic; Placebos; Rats; Receptors, Drug; Receptors, GABA; Species Specificity; Terminology as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 16922870
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00607.x -
Journal of Theoretical Biology Aug 1987In this paper the disturbing effect of drugs upon regulation in the organism is argued to be an important factor in the total drug effect. It is made plausible that the...
In this paper the disturbing effect of drugs upon regulation in the organism is argued to be an important factor in the total drug effect. It is made plausible that the decrease of the drug effect after prolonged or repeated administration of the drug is caused by the adaptation of the involved regulations to the presence of the drug, the adaptive process being selective for the drug in question. A model based on these assumptions is developed taking into account the specific behaviour of regulated processes. The functioning of the model is investigated by means of computer simulations. The behaviour of the model appears to be well in accordance with the phenomenon of drug tolerance as described in literature.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Computer Simulation; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Models, Biological; Software
PubMed: 3444337
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(87)80139-x -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Dec 1998Current concepts of the mechanisms underlying many of the pharmacological effects of ethanol on the CNS involve disruption of ion channel function via the interaction of... (Review)
Review
Current concepts of the mechanisms underlying many of the pharmacological effects of ethanol on the CNS involve disruption of ion channel function via the interaction of ethanol with specific hydrophobic sites on channel subunit proteins. Of particular clinical importance is the development of tolerance and dependence to ethanol, and it is likely that adaptive changes in synaptic function in response to ethanol's actions on ion channels play a role in this process. In this article, Judson Chandler, Adron Harris and Fulton Crews discuss potential mechanisms of ethanol-induced changes in synaptic function that might provide a cellular basis for ethanol tolerance and dependence. It is proposed that multiple mechanisms are involved that include both transcriptional and post-translational modifications in NMDA and GABAA receptors.
Topics: Cytoskeletal Proteins; Drug Tolerance; Ethanol; Phosphorylation; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors
PubMed: 9871410
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(98)01268-1 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Aug 1999Environmental cues associated with drug use become capable of eliciting withdrawal symptoms, craving and relapse to drug self-administration. The phenomenon, although...
Environmental cues associated with drug use become capable of eliciting withdrawal symptoms, craving and relapse to drug self-administration. The phenomenon, although noted almost 150 years ago, has repeatedly been confirmed in epidemiological and experimental studies. Drug tolerance, which is closely correlated with withdrawal symptoms and craving, is also modulated by drug-associated environmental cues. The contribution of predrug cues to withdrawal and tolerance is emphasized in a Pavlovian conditioning analysis of drug administration. Drug-induced disturbances are modulated by homeostatic responses elicited by pharmacological stimulation. According to the conditioning analysis, we learn to anticipate the drug effect; corrective response (conditional compensatory responses) occur in the presence of situations and events that have been associated with the drug in the past. These conditional responses, seen in anticipation of drugs, importantly contribute to drug tolerance, failures of tolerance (enigmatic overdoses), and withdrawal symptoms. I review evidence indicating that a complete analysis of drug withdrawal and tolerance requires an appreciation of the contribution of Pavlovian conditioning.
Topics: Conditioning, Classical; Cues; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 10615727
DOI: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94811132.x -
Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia... Sep 1991Morphine and ethanol drugs known to develop tolerance and dependence, induce changes in the adenylate cyclase system. Morphine inhibits the adenylate cyclase activity in... (Review)
Review
Morphine and ethanol drugs known to develop tolerance and dependence, induce changes in the adenylate cyclase system. Morphine inhibits the adenylate cyclase activity in NG108-15 cells and causes increases in adenylate cyclase synthesis and the down-regulation of opiate receptors in cells treated for several days. Chronic exposure of NG108-15 cells to ethanol also causes a decrease in the mRNA of the GTP-binding protein (Gs). These observations suggest the possibility that a group of genes is expressed in response to morphine or ethanol during the acquisition of tolerance and dependence. Recently, it has been reported that cAMP regulates a number of genes through a cAMP response element (CRE) in their promotor regions and that nuclear CRE-binding proteins bind specifically to the CRE to stimulate the transcription of cAMP-responsive genes. The gel shift assay with a single stranded oligo-DNA of CRE in a somatostatin promotor region was employed to examine the possibility of transcriptional regulation of cAMP-inducible genes by chronic morphine or ethanol treatment of NG108-15 cells. When the nuclear proteins from the cells treated with morphine or ethanol for several days were provided for the assay, the amounts of DNA-protein complex were decreased. The decreased complexes were recovered by 1-2 days after morphine withdrawal. The nuclear proteins were purified partially by a combination of chromatography on Q-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-300 and DNA affinity-Sepharose. Changes in CRE-binding proteins from the cells treated chronically with morphine or ethanol suggest that these drugs can modulate the expression of cAMP-inducible genes through which tolerance and dependence may develop.
Topics: Base Sequence; Cyclic AMP; Drug Tolerance; Gene Expression; Molecular Sequence Data; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 1660443
DOI: 10.1254/fpj.98.3_187 -
Bioanalysis Jul 2023The presence of di-/multi-meric forms of soluble target in biological samples can interfere in anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays, leading to increased background values...
The presence of di-/multi-meric forms of soluble target in biological samples can interfere in anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays, leading to increased background values and potentially false positivity. The authors investigated the use of the high ionic strength dissociation assay (HISDA) to reduce target interference in two different ADA assays. Interference caused by homodimeric FAP was successfully eliminated to enable cut point determination after applying HISDA. Biochemical experiments confirmed the dissociation of homodimeric FAP after treatment with high ionic strength conditions. HISDA is a promising approach to simultaneously achieve high drug tolerance and reduced interference by noncovalently bound dimeric target molecules in ADA assays without extensive optimization, which is particularly advantageous in routine use.
Topics: Antibodies; Drug Tolerance
PubMed: 37326333
DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0082 -
Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae Jul 1962
Topics: Drug Tolerance; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Pharmacogenetics; Pharmacology
PubMed: 13986156
DOI: 10.1017/s1120962300018096