-
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2018Both carbon dioxide (CO) and water (HO) are triatomic molecules that are ubiquitous in nature, and both are among the five most abundant gases in the Earth's atmosphere....
Both carbon dioxide (CO) and water (HO) are triatomic molecules that are ubiquitous in nature, and both are among the five most abundant gases in the Earth's atmosphere. At low temperature and ambient pressure, both CO and HO form molecular crystals--dry ice I and ice I Because water possesses distinctive hydrogen bonds, it exhibits intricate and highly pressure-dependent phase behavior, including at least 17 crystalline ice phases and three amorphous ice phases. In contrast, due to its weak van der Waals intermolecular interactions, CO exhibits fewer crystalline phases except at extremely high pressures, where nonmolecular ordered structures arise. Herein, we show the molecular dynamics simulation results of numerous 2D polymorphs of CO molecules in slit nanopores. Unlike bulk polymorphs of CO, 2D CO polymorphs exhibit myriad crystalline and amorphous structures, showing remarkable polymorphism and polyamorphism. We also show that depending on the thermodynamic path, 2D solid-to-solid phase transitions can give rise to previously unreported structures, e.g., wave-like amorphous CO structures. Our simulation also suggests intriguing structural connections between 2D and 3D dry ice phases (e.g., and PA-3) and offers insights into CO polyamorphic transitions through intermediate liquid or amorphous phases.
PubMed: 30249649
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809198115 -
American Journal of Surgery Feb 1967
Topics: Aged; Amputation, Surgical; Dry Ice; Gangrene; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Ischemia; Leg; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 6016724
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(67)90231-0 -
Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal... Apr 1960
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; Dry Ice; Gangrene; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Refrigeration; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 14407577
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry... Feb 2024We introduce a computational tool for the quantum-mechanical simulation of anharmonic infrared and Raman vibrational spectra of materials. The approach, implemented in...
We introduce a computational tool for the quantum-mechanical simulation of anharmonic infrared and Raman vibrational spectra of materials. The approach, implemented in the CRYSTAL software, stems from Taylor's expansion of the potential energy surface (PES) on the basis of normal modes up to cubic and quartic terms. The PES can be sampled with four different numerical schemes at the level of density functional theory (DFT), with local, generalized-gradient, and hybrid density functional approximations. Anharmonic states are obtained by solving Shrödinger's nuclear equation with either the vibrational self-consistent field (VSCF) or vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) methods. Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) are thus fully accounted for. Infrared intensities are computed numerically through a Berry phase approach or analytically through a coupled-perturbed (CP) approach. Raman intensities are computed analytically via the CP approach. A variety of anharmonic features of vibrational spectra of materials can be simulated, including band shifts, combination bands, overtones, resonances (first-order Fermi, second-order Darling-Dennison), and hot bands. We showcase the effectiveness of the approach on the description of a first-order Fermi resonance (FR) in CO dry ice: a challenging test-case given that the FR occurs in the Raman spectrum, requires NQEs, and involves two- and three-mode couplings. Fundamental mechanistic differences with respect to the well-known FR in molecular CO are addressed. This application represents the first quantum-mechanical, periodic description of FR in dry ice.
PubMed: 38241167
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03372 -
Biology of Reproduction Feb 1999A heterologous bovine in vitro fertilization (IVF) system was used to study the functional competence of scimitar-horned oryx spermatozoa after cryopreservation. Four...
Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) spermatozoa are functionally competent in a heterologous bovine in vitro fertilization system after cryopreservation on dry ice, in a dry shipper, or over liquid nitrogen vapor.
A heterologous bovine in vitro fertilization (IVF) system was used to study the functional competence of scimitar-horned oryx spermatozoa after cryopreservation. Four sperm-freezing methods were compared after dilution of ejaculates from six oryx with an equine semen extender: 1) dry ice, 2) dry shipper one-step, 3) dry shipper two-step, and 4) liquid nitrogen vapor. Post-thaw sperm motility, longevity, and acrosomal status were assessed and zona pellucida penetration, fertilization, and embryo cleavage were evaluated after coincubation of thawed oryx spermatozoa with in vitro-matured domestic cow oocytes. Sperm motility index (SMI) decreased (p < 0.05) over a 6-h period, but a high percentage (>/= 65%) of spermatozoa contained intact acrosomes in all treatments. Despite differences in sperm motility among methods, oocyte penetration, fertilization, and embryo cleavage did not differ (p >/= 0.05). However, cleavage success was < 50% across all treatments. There were positive correlations (p < 0.05; r = 0.81-0.97) between sample SMI at 3 and 6 h and fertilization, penetration, and cleavage, but no correlations (p >/= 0.05) between SMI at 0 or 1 h and IVF success. This study demonstrates that compatible heterologous gamete interaction allows thorough assessment of post-thaw sperm function in an endangered antelope. Scimitar-horned oryx spermatozoa appear relatively tolerant of varied cryopreservation methods, and preserved samples exhibit adequate post-thaw function to warrant use for assisted reproduction.
Topics: Acrosome; Animals; Antelopes; Cattle; Cell Survival; Cleavage Stage, Ovum; Cryopreservation; Dry Ice; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Male; Nitrogen; Oocytes; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 9916019
DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod60.2.493 -
Toxicology Letters Nov 2003A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential of tobacco processes, ingredients, or technological developments to change the biological activity...
A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential of tobacco processes, ingredients, or technological developments to change the biological activity resulting from burning tobacco. The strategy is based on comparative chemical and biological testing. Dry ice expanded tobacco (DIET) is an example of a common tobacco expansion process currently used in the manufacture of cigarettes to increase tobacco filling capacity. As part of the toxicological evaluation of DIET, test cigarettes containing DIET were compared with control cigarettes containing tobacco expanded with a traditional expansion agent (Freon-11, also known as trichlorofluoromethane). Testing included mainstream cigarette smoke chemistry studies, genotoxicity studies (Ames and sister chromatid exchange, SCE), a 13-week inhalation study in Sprague-Dawley rats, and a 30-week dermal tumor promotion study in SENCAR mice. Cigarettes containing DIET or Freon-11 expanded tobacco were similar in biological activity.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; CHO Cells; Carboxyhemoglobin; Carcinogenicity Tests; Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; Cricetinae; Dry Ice; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred SENCAR; Mutagenicity Tests; Nicotine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sister Chromatid Exchange; Smoking; Nicotiana; Tobacco Industry
PubMed: 14581163
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00235-2 -
Cryo Letters 2017BACKGROUND: Dry ice-ethanol bath (-78 degree C) have been widely used in low temperature biological research to attain rapid cooling of samples below freezing...
UNLABELLED
BACKGROUND: Dry ice-ethanol bath (-78 degree C) have been widely used in low temperature biological research to attain rapid cooling of samples below freezing temperature. The prediction of cooling rates of biological samples immersed in dry ice-ethanol bath is of practical interest in cryopreservation. The cooling rate can be obtained using mathematical models representing the heat conduction equation in transient state. Additionally, at the solid cryogenic-fluid interface, the knowledge of the surface heat transfer coefficient (h) is necessary for the convective boundary condition in order to correctly establish the mathematical problem.
OBJECTIVE
The study was to apply numerical modeling to obtain the surface heat transfer coefficient of a dry ice-ethanol bath.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A numerical finite element solution of heat conduction equation was used to obtain surface heat transfer coefficients from measured temperatures at the center of polytetrafluoroethylene and polymethylmetacrylate cylinders immersed in a dry ice-ethanol cooling bath. The numerical model considered the temperature dependence of thermophysical properties of plastic materials used.
RESULTS
A negative linear relationship is observed between cylinder diameter and heat transfer coefficient in the liquid bath, the calculated h values were 308, 135 and 62.5 W/(mK) for PMMA 1.3, PTFE 2.59 and 3.14 cm in diameter, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The calculated heat transfer coefficients were consistent among several replicates; h in dry ice-ethanol showed an inverse relationship with cylinder diameter.
Topics: Cold Temperature; Cryopreservation; Dry Ice; Ethanol; Finite Element Analysis; Models, Theoretical; Research Design; Specimen Handling; Surface Properties; Thermal Conductivity
PubMed: 28534055
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1964In the investigation of outbreaks of plague it is frequently more satisfactory to send specimens of suspected material collected in the field to a central laboratory,...
In the investigation of outbreaks of plague it is frequently more satisfactory to send specimens of suspected material collected in the field to a central laboratory, where usually better facilities for their more detailed examination are available. In the present study the authors have investigated the suitability of solid CO(2) (dry-ice) for the preservation of such material during transit. Three types of preparation were tested: broth suspensions of Pasteurella pestis, the livers and spleens of guinea-pigs dying after being infected with two different strains of P. pestis, and whole carcasses of mice and ground-squirrels infected with the organism. An additional test to ascertain the rate at which animal specimens became frozen and thawed was also carried out.These studies showed that (1) organisms in the various tissues frozen in dry-ice were not adversely affected by such treatment; (2) the survival of P. pestis cells did not depend on the number of organisms present in broth cultures or tissue suspensions, small numbers surviving equally well as large; and (3) plague bacilli contained in whole carcasses, even when present in small numbers, were also successfully preserved. It is concluded from these results, and also from the authors' practical use of the method over several years, that for the transport of plague-suspect materials from the field to the laboratory freezing with dry-ice can be confidently recommended.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Carbon Dioxide; Cold Temperature; Disease Outbreaks; Dry Ice; Guinea Pigs; Ice; Liver; Mice; Plague; Research; Specimen Handling; Spleen; Yersinia pestis
PubMed: 14196818
DOI: No ID Found -
Stain Technology Jan 1976A rapid method of fixation of myofibrils using dry ice is reported. A glass slide or coverslip containing a drop of glutaraldehyde-fixed suspension of myofibrils is...
A rapid method of fixation of myofibrils using dry ice is reported. A glass slide or coverslip containing a drop of glutaraldehyde-fixed suspension of myofibrils is placed on dry ice causing the myofibrils to adhere to the glass surface. The specimens are then dehydrated through the alcohols, air dried and metal coated. This technique gives the myofibrils a corrugated appearance under the scanning electron microscope corresponding to the sarcomere banding.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dry Ice; Histological Techniques; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Myofibrils
PubMed: 779142
DOI: 10.3109/10520297609116666 -
Klinicheskaia Laboratornaia Diagnostika Sep 2020Taking into account the impact of shipment method of biosamples is necessary for obtaining high-quality biological samples in biobanking and laboratory research. The...
Taking into account the impact of shipment method of biosamples is necessary for obtaining high-quality biological samples in biobanking and laboratory research. The impact of liquid nitrogen, dry ice and cold accumulators on the quality of biological markers was considered, as well as recommendations to reduce the impact of these methods of shipment. The liquid nitrogen provides the best preservation of samples, however, dry ice is used much more often during their transportation. When transporting certain types of cells using dry ice, there is the way to use CryoStor CS1 and Cell Banker 1 cryoprotectors. The dry ice has a significant effect on both the pH of liquid biological samples and the coagulological parameters of plasma samples. The penetration of CO2 into the sample leads to changes in the parameters of PTT and APPT, as well as to decrease the protein C and fibrinogen level under certain conditions. Serum and plasma samples exposed to dry ice for more than 16 hours should be thawed open at room temperature, or instead of it should be kept at -80 °C for 24 hours to avoid changes in coagulation parameters, The use of cold accumulators is unacceptable for long-term shipment of serum and plasma containing unstable biomarkers because of insufficiently low temperature (increase over time to -25 °C and above). Besides, metal pellets can be used as cold storage batteries at low temperatures (up to -80 ° C), but they are not as effective as dry ice, since it is able to hold the required temperature for much longer.
Topics: Biological Specimen Banks; Blood Coagulation Tests; Cryopreservation; Dry Ice; Humans; Temperature
PubMed: 33245651
DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-10-619-625