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Neurosurgical Review Oct 2015Pachymeningeal enhancement, synonymous with dural enhancement, is a radiological feature best appreciated on a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The... (Review)
Review
Pachymeningeal enhancement, synonymous with dural enhancement, is a radiological feature best appreciated on a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The vasculature of the dura mater is permeable, facilitating avid uptake of contrast agent and subsequent enhancement. Thin, discontinuous enhancement can be normal, seen in half the normal population. In patients complaining of postural headaches worse on sitting, gadolinium-enhanced MRI findings of diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement is highly suggestive of benign intracranial hypotension. In these cases, the process of pachymeningeal enhancement is explained by the Monro-Kellie doctrine as compensatory volume changes by vasocongestion and interstitial oedema of the dura mater due to decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. Focal and diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement can also be attributed to infectious or inflammatory, neoplastic and iatrogenic aetiologies. Correction of the underlying pathology often results in spontaneous resolution of the pachymeningeal enhancement. There have also been reports of pachymeningeal enhancement associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, temporal arteritis, baroreceptor reflex failure syndrome and arteriovenous fistulae.
Topics: Brain Diseases; Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dura Mater; Humans; Intracranial Hypotension; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Meninges; Neurosurgical Procedures
PubMed: 26264063
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-015-0646-y -
Child's Nervous System : ChNS :... Jun 2012The dura mater is important to the clinician as a barrier to the internal environment of the brain, and surgically, its anatomy should be well known to the neurosurgeon... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The dura mater is important to the clinician as a barrier to the internal environment of the brain, and surgically, its anatomy should be well known to the neurosurgeon and clinician who interpret imaging.
METHODS
The medical literature was reviewed in regard to the morphology and embryology of specifically, the intracranial dura mater. A historic review of this meningeal layer is also provided.
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of the cranial dura mater has a rich history. The embryology is complex, and the surgical anatomy of this layer and its specializations are important to the neurosurgeon.
Topics: Brain; Dura Mater; Humans; Skull
PubMed: 22526439
DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1744-6 -
Stem Cell Reviews and Reports Dec 2022Patient-derived cells hold great promise for precision medicine approaches in human health. Human dermal fibroblasts have been a major source of cells for reprogramming...
Patient-derived cells hold great promise for precision medicine approaches in human health. Human dermal fibroblasts have been a major source of cells for reprogramming and differentiating into specific cell types for disease modeling. Postmortem human dura mater has been suggested as a primary source of fibroblasts for in vitro modeling of neurodegenerative diseases. Although fibroblast-like cells from human and mouse dura mater have been previously described, their utility for reprogramming and direct differentiation protocols has not been fully established. In this study, cells derived from postmortem dura mater are directly compared to those from dermal biopsies of living subjects. In two instances, we have isolated and compared dermal and dural cell lines from the same subject. Notably, striking differences were observed between cells of dermal and dural origin. Compared to dermal fibroblasts, postmortem dura mater-derived cells demonstrated different morphology, slower growth rates, and a higher rate of karyotype abnormality. Dura mater-derived cells also failed to express fibroblast protein markers. When dermal fibroblasts and dura mater-derived cells from the same subject were compared, they exhibited highly divergent gene expression profiles that suggest dura mater cells originated from a mixed mural lineage. Given their postmortem origin, somatic mutation signatures of dura mater-derived cells were assessed and suggest defective DNA damage repair. This study argues for rigorous karyotyping of postmortem derived cell lines and highlights limitations of postmortem human dura mater-derived cells for modeling normal biology or disease-associated pathobiology.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Transcriptome; Dura Mater; Cell Differentiation; Fibroblasts; Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 35809166
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10416-x -
Comparative Medicine Apr 2020The biocompatibility, biodegradation, feasibility, and efficacy of medical devices like dural sealants and substitutes are often evaluated in various animal models....
The biocompatibility, biodegradation, feasibility, and efficacy of medical devices like dural sealants and substitutes are often evaluated in various animal models. However, none of these studies explain the rationale for choosing a particular species, and a systematic interspecies comparison of the dura is not available. We hypothesized that histologic characteristics of the dura would differ among species. We systematically investigated basic characteristics of the dura, including thickness, composition, and fibroblast orientation of the dura mater, in 34 samples representing 10 animal species and compared these features with human dura by using hematoxylin and eosin staining and light microscopy. Dura showed many similarities between species in terms of composition. In all species, dura consisted of at least one fibrovascular layer, which contained collagen, fibroblasts, and blood vessels, and a dural border cell layer beneath the fibrovascular layer. Differences between species included the number of fibrovascular layers, fibroblast orientation, and dural thickness. Human dura was the thickest (564 μm) followed by equine (313 μm), bovine (311 μm), and porcine (304 μm) dura. Given the results of this study and factors such as gross anatomy, feasibility, housing, and ethical considerations, we recommend the use of a porcine model for dural research, especially for in vivo studies.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Dura Mater; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 32014084
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-19-000022 -
Distinct origins of dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: past and future problems.Acta Neuropathologica Communications Mar 2014Dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (dCJD) can be divided into two subgroups that exhibit distinct clinical and neuropathological features, with the... (Review)
Review
Dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (dCJD) can be divided into two subgroups that exhibit distinct clinical and neuropathological features, with the majority represented by a non-plaque-type of dCJD (np-dCJD) and the minority by a plaque-type of dCJD (p-dCJD). The two distinct phenotypes of dCJD had been considered to be unrelated to the genotype (methionine, M or valine, V) at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene or type (type 1 or type 2) of abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrPSc) in the brain, while these are major determinants of clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic CJD (sCJD). The reason for the existence of two distinct subgroups in dCJD had remained elusive. Recent progress in research of the pathogenesis of dCJD has revealed that two distinct subgroups of dCJD are caused by infection with different PrPSc strains from sCJD, i.e., np-dCJD caused by infection with sCJD-MM1/MV1, and p-dCJD caused by infection with sCJD-VV2 or -MV2. These studies have also revealed previously unrecognized problems as follows: (i) the numbers of p-dCJD patients may increase in the future, (ii) the potential risks of secondary infection from dCJD, particularly from p-dCJD, may be considerable, and (iii) the effectiveness of the current PrPSc decontamination procedures against the PrPSc from p-dCJD is uncertain. To prevent secondary infection from p-dCJD, the establishment of effective decontamination procedures is an urgent issue. In this review, we summarize the past and future problems surrounding dCJD.
Topics: Animals; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome; Dura Mater; Humans
PubMed: 24685293
DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-32 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Dec 2022RNA extraction is a step that precedes several molecular techniques. The fibrous tissue, more specifically the dura mater, has several limitations in routine protocols,...
BACKGROUND
RNA extraction is a step that precedes several molecular techniques. The fibrous tissue, more specifically the dura mater, has several limitations in routine protocols, and lacks optimization protocols to overcome these problems.
OBJECTIVE
To test stock reagents and purification kits, optimizing commercial kit protocols for RNA extraction from the dura mater.
METHODS
Dura mater samples were obtained from eight Wistar rats and maintained in two different stabilizers. The samples were purified using four different protocols, and the RNA was evaluated for the yield and purity in NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, United States). Beta-actin gene was used for analyzing gene expression, since is one of the most used reference genes.
RESULTS
The RNA preservation was similar in both stabilizers. The addition of an incubation step prior the purification protocols allowed better tissue digestion and RNA recovery. The RNA purified using the protocols membrane-based showed higher quality than liquid-liquid purification. This impact was observed in the 3-week evaluation using RT-qPCR.
CONCLUSION
Stabilizers are efficient for RNA preservation and membrane-based purification protocols are more suitable for RNA recovery from dura mater tissue, allowing the evaluation of gene expression in this type of tissue. Adaptations in the dura mater RNA extraction protocol differ from the pre-established protocols because it takes into account the peculiarity of fibrous tissue and low cellularity. In addition to providing a low-cost mechanism, based on techniques that are part of the laboratory routine, it is possible to improve the quality of the extracted material, ensuring greater efficiency in the use of subsequent techniques.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; RNA; Dura Mater
PubMed: 36580958
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758865 -
European Spine Journal : Official... Oct 2017
Topics: Decompression, Surgical; Dura Mater; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Spinal Stenosis
PubMed: 28939946
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5293-2 -
Cell and Tissue Research Sep 2022Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) have been recently identified in human and murine epidural fat and have been hypothesized to contribute to the...
Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) have been recently identified in human and murine epidural fat and have been hypothesized to contribute to the maintenance/repair/regeneration of the dura mater. MPCs can secrete proteoglycan 4 (PRG4/lubricin), and this protein can regulate tissue homeostasis through bio-lubrication and immunomodulatory functions. MPC lineage tracing reporter mice (Hic1) and human epidural fat MPCs were used to determine if PRG4 is expressed by these cells in vivo. PRG4 expression co-localized with Hic1 MPCs in the dura throughout skeletal maturity and was localized adjacent to sites of dural injury. When Hic1 MPCs were ablated, PRG4 expression was retained in the dura, yet when Prx1 MPCs were ablated, PRG4 expression was completely lost. A number of cellular processes were impacted in human epidural fat MPCs treated with rhPRG4, and human MPCs contributed to the formation of epidural fat, and dura tissues were xenotransplanted into mouse dural injuries. We have shown that human and mouse MPCs in the epidural/dura microenvironment produce PRG4 and can contribute to dura homeostasis/repair/regeneration. Overall, these results suggest that these MPCs have biological significance within the dural microenvironment and that the role of PRG4 needs to be further elucidated.
Topics: Animals; Dura Mater; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Proteoglycans
PubMed: 35704103
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03647-4 -
Anesthesia and Analgesia Jun 1999There is no consensus about the anatomical structure of human dura mater. In particular, the orientation of collagen fibers, which are responsible for biomechanical...
UNLABELLED
There is no consensus about the anatomical structure of human dura mater. In particular, the orientation of collagen fibers, which are responsible for biomechanical behavior, is still controversial. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the lumbar dura mater. We performed experimental mechanical characterization in longitudinal and circumferential directions and a scanning electron microscopy observation of the tissue. Specimens of human dura mater were removed from the dorsal-lumbar region (T12-L4/L5) of six subjects at autopsy; specimens of bovine dorsal-lumbar dura mater were obtained from two animals at slaughter. Human and bovine tissues both exhibited stronger tensile strength and stiffness in the longitudinal than in the circumferential direction. Scanning electron microscopy observations of dura mater showed that the collagen fibers are mainly oriented in a longitudinal direction, which accounts for its stronger tensile strength in this direction. We conclude that dura mater has a different mechanical response in the two directions investigated because the fiber orientation is predominantly longitudinal.
IMPLICATIONS
In this experimental work, we studied the structural and functional relationship of human lumbar dura mater. We performed mechanical tests and microscopic observations on dura mater samples. The results show that the dura mater is mainly composed of longitudinally oriented collagen fibers, which account for higher tissue resistance in this direction.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cattle; Collagen; Dura Mater; Female; Glutaral; Humans; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Tensile Strength; Tissue Fixation
PubMed: 10357337
DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199906000-00022 -
The Journal of International Medical... Mar 2020This study was performed to evaluate a new type of autologous muscle tamponade to repair dura mater that has undergone dural defects to prevent cerebrospinal fluid...
OBJECTIVE
This study was performed to evaluate a new type of autologous muscle tamponade to repair dura mater that has undergone dural defects to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage or subcutaneous fluid accumulation.
METHODS
Three hundred thirty-two patients who underwent retrosigmoid craniotomy were selected and divided into two groups: bone window craniotomy and bone flap craniotomy. Each group was further divided into two groups: artificial dura repair and autologous muscle repair. We then analysed the incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage or subcutaneous fluid accumulation and compared the effects of the two repair methods.
RESULTS
For all patients, autologous muscle repair of the dura mater had a lower incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage than artificial dura mater repair, especially in patients with craniotomy.
CONCLUSIONS
Subdural craniotomy of the bone window is more effective than conventional methods in preventing cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak; Craniotomy; Dura Mater; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscles; Subdural Space; Surgical Flaps; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32223659
DOI: 10.1177/0300060520910299