-
Cell Calcium Dec 2018Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal Ca influences many functions of this organelle, notably the synthesis and quality control of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol is an... (Review)
Review
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal Ca influences many functions of this organelle, notably the synthesis and quality control of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol is an essential component of biological membranes and a precursor for many biologically important signaling molecules. The sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key regulators of lipid metabolism. These transcription factors are synthesized as ER membrane-bound precursor proteins that are proteolytically processed in response to cellular cholesterol status. Recently, ER Ca status was shown to be an important determinant of the basal sensitivity of the sterol sensing mechanism inherent to the SREBP processing pathway. This article discusses the emerging relationship between cellular Ca and cholesterol metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cholesterol; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans
PubMed: 30463032
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.11.002 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Oct 2022The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a principal organelle for folding, post-translational modifications and transport of secretory, luminal, and membrane proteins. ER... (Review)
Review
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a principal organelle for folding, post-translational modifications and transport of secretory, luminal, and membrane proteins. ER stress is a condition induced by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins owing to a variety of physiological and pathological phenomena. To overcome the deleterious effects of ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated to translocate and remove the misfolded and accumulated proteins. Plenty of evidence shows the correlation between ER stress/UPR and the pathology of inflammatory disease. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues, which associates with the onset and progress of several systemic diseases. Periodontopathic bacterium and pro-inflammatory mediators play a pivotal role in the progress of periodontal disease. Besides, cigarette smoke has long been associated with periodontal disease. As an inflammatory disorder of the periodontium, periodontal disease is highly related to ER stress. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathophysiological effect of ER stress on periodontal disease through five aspects as follow: ER stress and periodontal tissue remodeling, including both soft tissue and hard tissue; ER stress and the inflammation; ER stress and systematic effect during the periodontal disease; last but not least, ER stress and the autophagic apoptosis in cells.
Topics: Endoplasmic Reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Signal Transduction; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 35818935
DOI: 10.1111/jre.13031 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2017The endoplasmic reticulum and the other organelles of the eukaryotic cell are membrane-bound structures that carry out specialized functions. In this chapter, we discuss... (Review)
Review
The endoplasmic reticulum and the other organelles of the eukaryotic cell are membrane-bound structures that carry out specialized functions. In this chapter, we discuss strategies that the cell has adopted to link and coordinate the different activities occurring within its various organelles as the cell carries out its physiological role.
Topics: Animals; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans
PubMed: 29594858
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_4 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jun 2011The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an intracellular Ca(2+) store not only sets up cytosolic Ca(2+) signals, but, among other functions, also assembles and folds newly... (Review)
Review
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an intracellular Ca(2+) store not only sets up cytosolic Ca(2+) signals, but, among other functions, also assembles and folds newly synthesized proteins. Alterations in ER homeostasis, including severe Ca(2+) depletion, are an upstream event in the pathophysiology of many diseases. On the one hand, insufficient release of activator Ca(2+) may no longer sustain essential cell functions. On the other hand, loss of luminal Ca(2+) causes ER stress and activates an unfolded protein response, which, depending on the duration and severity of the stress, can reestablish normal ER function or lead to cell death. We will review these various diseases by mainly focusing on the mechanisms that cause ER Ca(2+) depletion.
Topics: Apoptosis; Calcium; Calcium Metabolism Disorders; Calcium Signaling; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Homeostasis; Humans; Models, Biological; Protein Folding
PubMed: 21441595
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004317 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA 2023Cells are exposed to various pathological stimulus within the cardiovascular system that challenge cells to adapt and survive. Several of these pathological stimulus... (Review)
Review
Cells are exposed to various pathological stimulus within the cardiovascular system that challenge cells to adapt and survive. Several of these pathological stimulus alter the normal function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, thus triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with the stress or trigger apoptosis of damaged cells. Downstream components of the UPR regulate transcription and translation reprogramming to ensure selective gene expression in response to pathological stimulus, including the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The ncRNAs play crucial roles in regulating transcription and translation, and their aberrant expression is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Notably, ncRNAs and ER stress can modulate each other and synergistically affect the development of CVD. Therefore, studying the interaction between ER stress and ncRNAs is necessary for effective prevention and treatment of CVD. In this review, we discuss the UPR signaling pathway and ncRNAs followed by the interplay regulation of ER stress and ncRNAs in CVD, which provides further insights into the understanding of the pathogenesis of CVD and therapeutic strategies. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Unfolded Protein Response; Endoplasmic Reticulum; RNA, Untranslated
PubMed: 36420580
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1767 -
Oncoimmunology 2022
Topics: Endoplasmic Reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; Heat-Shock Proteins; Immunogenic Cell Death
PubMed: 35756845
DOI: 10.1080/2162402X.2022.2092328 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2020Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is well known as a processing enzyme of antigenic peptides, which are presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)... (Review)
Review
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is well known as a processing enzyme of antigenic peptides, which are presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. Besides antigen processing, ERAP1 performs multiple functions in various cells depending on its intracellular and extracellular localization. Of note is the secretion of ERAP1 into the extracellular milieu in response to inflammatory stimuli, which further activates immune cells including macrophages and natural killer cells. Furthermore, secreted ERAP1 enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Such findings indicate that ERAP1 plays a significant role in the field of innate and acquired immunity. This review summarizes the functional analyses of ERAP1 that support our current understanding of its role as more than an antigenic peptide-processing enzyme, specifically emphasizing on its secretory form.
Topics: Aminopeptidases; Animals; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans
PubMed: 32009107
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00857 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2018The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells and plays a pivotal role in lipid metabolism. ER dysfunction, specifically ER stress... (Review)
Review
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells and plays a pivotal role in lipid metabolism. ER dysfunction, specifically ER stress (ERS), is a pathophysiological response involved in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular lesions. Therefore, suppression of ERS may improve lipid metabolic disorders and reduce cardiovascular risk. Herein, we focus on novel breakthroughs regarding the roles of ERS in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as the internal mechanisms of ERS and its status as a potential therapeutic target. This review highlights recent advances in ERS, the regulation of which might be helpful for both basic research and clinical drug design for lipid metabolic disorders and CVD.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Humans; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 29388553
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.028.014 -
Journal of Microscopy Nov 2020The existence of membrane contact sites (MCS) has been reported in different systems in the past decade, and their importance has been recognised by the cell biology... (Review)
Review
The existence of membrane contact sites (MCS) has been reported in different systems in the past decade, and their importance has been recognised by the cell biology community. Amongst all endomembrane structures, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays vital roles in organising the organelle interaction network with the plasma membrane (PM), Golgi bodies, mitochondria, plastids, endosomes and autophagosomes. A number of methods have been used to study the establishment and functions of these interactions, among them, light microscopy appears to be one of the most effective approaches. Here, we present an overview of the discovery of ER-PM contact sites, and highlight the latest developments in light microscopical-based techniques that can be used for their study.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy; Plant Cells; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 32497309
DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12934 -
Swiss Medical Weekly May 2002The endoplasmic reticulum represents the cell's quality control site for accurate folding of secretory and membrane proteins. Quality control is achieved through the... (Review)
Review
The endoplasmic reticulum represents the cell's quality control site for accurate folding of secretory and membrane proteins. Quality control is achieved through the association of ER chaperones with unfolded or misfolded polypeptide chains. In the ER stress response, upregulation of chaperones occurs as a consequence of misfolded proteins accumulating in the ER lumen; if these proteins fail to assume their native structure, they are retained in the ER and targeted for degradation by the proteasome. ER storage diseases (ERSDs) are a group of genetically based disorders in which mutant proteins fail to pass the ER quality control. Because all eukaryotic cells contain the ER, the clinical phenotype of ERSDs is very heterogeneous. Disease may result from the mere lack of the mutant protein in question and/or may be caused indirectly by toxic effects of the misfolded protein or aggregates thereof on the cell. Additionally, the cell's reaction to the ER stress may include signaling pathways which are ultimately detrimental. Experimentally, ERSDs serve as models to study the cellular reactions to a variety of perturbations. In particular, understanding the links between ER stress and cell degeneration may give valuable insights into the pathogenesis of other diseases where the accumulation of indigestible toxic material leads to cell injury.
Topics: Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Protein Folding
PubMed: 12087487
DOI: 10.4414/smw.2002.09861