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International Review of Cell and... 2021The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of... (Review)
Review
The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease. Besides the well characterized immune-mediated epithelial damage induced in coeliac mucosa, constitutional changes and early gluten direct effects disturb intestinal epithelial cells. The subsequent modifications in key epithelial signaling pathways leads to outnumbered immature epithelial cells that, in turn, facilitate epithelial dysfunction, promote crypt hyperplasia, and increase intestinal permeability. Consequently, underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which boosts the proinflammatory immune response against gluten and positively feedback the epithelial damage loop. Gluten-free diet is an indispensable treatment for coeliac disease patients, but additional therapies are under development, including those that reinforce intestinal epithelial healing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of intestinal epithelial cell disturbances that develop during gluten intake in coeliac disease mucosa.
Topics: Animals; Celiac Disease; Diet; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epithelial Cells; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutens; Humans
PubMed: 33707053
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.007 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Jun 2023The intestinal epithelium is a complex tissue monolayer composed of regionally and functionally specialized intestinal epithelial cells. Given epithelial exposure to... (Review)
Review
The intestinal epithelium is a complex tissue monolayer composed of regionally and functionally specialized intestinal epithelial cells. Given epithelial exposure to harsh and varied luminal conditions, epithelial cells continuously regenerate to sustain the barrier against environmental factors, including microbial invaders. Multipotent intestinal stem cells are essential to epithelial regenerative capacity, generating a programed mixture of absorptive and secretory cell types. Mechanisms of epithelial growth and differentiation in response to endogenous or external stressors remain under investigation. In this review, we highlight the zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a potent model of intestinal epithelial development and function. We describe epithelial composition and key regulators of epithelial renewal to promote the zebrafish as an investigative tool to study epithelial development and growth. We also highlight areas for discovery, particularly in the context of stress-dependent regulation of epithelial function.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Intestines; Intestinal Mucosa; Epithelial Cells; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 37293990
DOI: 10.1042/BST20221375 -
Cells, Tissues, Organs 2022
Topics: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
PubMed: 34348274
DOI: 10.1159/000518686 -
The International Journal of... Aug 2020Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) involves airway inflammation and remodeling leading to small airways disease and emphysema, which results in irreversible... (Review)
Review
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) involves airway inflammation and remodeling leading to small airways disease and emphysema, which results in irreversible airflow obstruction. During lung development, reciprocal interactions between the endoderm and mesoderm (epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU)) are essential for morphogenetic cues that direct cell proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular (ECM) production. In COPD, a significant number of the inflammation and remodeling mediators resemble those released during lung development, which has led to the hypothesis that aberrant activation of the EMTU may occur in the disease. Studies assessing lung epithelial and fibroblast function in COPD, have been primarily focused on monoculture studies. To capture the in vivo environment of the human lung and aid in the understanding of mechanisms and mediators involved in abnormal epithelial-fibroblast communication in COPD, complex co-culture models are required. In this review, we describe the studies that have used co-culture models to assess epithelial-fibroblast interactions and their role in the pathogenesis of COPD.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Coculture Techniques; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Fibroblasts; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Inflammation; Lung; Mesoderm; Organoids; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
PubMed: 32473924
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105775 -
Clinical Advances in Hematology &... Aug 2019
Review
Topics: Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Female; Humans; Ovarian Neoplasms; Rare Diseases
PubMed: 31449512
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmacological Research Apr 2024Fibrosis is a pathological process that affects multiple organs and is considered one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in multiple diseases, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Fibrosis is a pathological process that affects multiple organs and is considered one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in multiple diseases, resulting in an enormous disease burden. Current studies have focused on fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which directly lead to imbalance in generation and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the role of epithelial cells in fibrosis. In some cases, epithelial cells are first exposed to external physicochemical stimuli that may directly drive collagen accumulation in the mesenchyme. In other cases, the source of stimulation is mainly immune cells and some cytokines, and epithelial cells are similarly altered in the process. In this review, we will focus on the multiple dynamic alterations involved in epithelial cells after injury and during fibrogenesis, discuss the association among them, and summarize some therapies targeting changed epithelial cells. Especially, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the key central step, which is closely linked to other biological behaviors. Meanwhile, we think studies on disruption of epithelial barrier, epithelial cell death and altered basal stem cell populations and stemness in fibrosis are not appreciated. We believe that therapies targeted epithelial cells can prevent the progress of fibrosis, but not reverse it. The epithelial cell targeting therapies will provide a wonderful preventive and delaying action.
Topics: Humans; Fibrosis; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Epithelial Cells; Myofibroblasts; Fibroblasts
PubMed: 38484858
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107144 -
Cells, Tissues, Organs 2022Epithelial remodelling plays a crucial role during development. The ability of epithelial sheets to temporarily lose their integrity as they fuse with other epithelial... (Review)
Review
Epithelial remodelling plays a crucial role during development. The ability of epithelial sheets to temporarily lose their integrity as they fuse with other epithelial sheets underpins events such as the closure of the neural tube and palate. During fusion, epithelial cells undergo some degree of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereby cells from opposing sheets dissolve existing cell-cell junctions, degrade the basement membrane, extend motile processes to contact each other, and then re-establish cell-cell junctions as they fuse. Similar events occur when an epithelium is wounded. Cells at the edge of the wound undergo a partial EMT and migrate towards each other to close the gap. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of Netrins in these processes, and provide insights into the possible signalling pathways involved. Netrins are secreted, laminin-like proteins that are evolutionarily conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Although best known as axonal chemotropic guidance molecules, Netrins also regulate epithelial cells. For example, Netrins regulate branching morphogenesis of the lung and mammary gland, and promote EMT during Drosophila wing eversion. Netrins also control epithelial fusion during optic fissure closure and inner ear formation, and are strongly implicated in neural tube closure and secondary palate closure. Netrins are also upregulated in response to organ damage and epithelial wounding, and can protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury and speed wound healing in cornea and skin. Since Netrins also have immunomodulatory properties, and can promote angiogenesis and re-innervation, they hold great promise as potential factors in future wound healing therapies.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Morphogenesis; Netrins; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33691313
DOI: 10.1159/000513880 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... May 2017Cytoreductive surgery for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer has been practised since the pioneering work of Tom Griffiths in 1975. Further research has... (Review)
Review
Cytoreductive surgery for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer has been practised since the pioneering work of Tom Griffiths in 1975. Further research has demonstrated the prognostic significance of the extent of metastatic disease pre-operatively, and of complete cytoreduction post-operatively. Patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer should be referred to high volume cancer units, and managed by multidisciplinary teams. The role of thoracoscopy and resection of intrathoracic disease is presently investigational. In recent years, there has been increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreductive surgery in patients with poor performance status, which is usually due to large volume ascites and/or large pleural effusions. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces the post-operative morbidity, but if the tumour responds well to the chemotherapy, the inflammatory response makes the surgery more difficult. Post-operative morbidity is generally tolerable, but increases in older patients, and in those having multiple, aggressive surgical procedures, such as bowel resection or diaphragmatic stripping. Primary cytoreductive surgery should be regarded as the gold standard for most patients until a test is developed which would allow the prediction of platinum resistance pre-operatively.
Topics: Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures; Female; Humans; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Ovarian Neoplasms; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27884789
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.007 -
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets Jan 2018
Topics: Cell Plasticity; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 29168935
DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1407312