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Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Sep 2016Cutaneous flushing is a common presenting complaint in endocrine disorders. The pathophysiology of flushing involves changes in cutaneous blood flow triggered by... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous flushing is a common presenting complaint in endocrine disorders. The pathophysiology of flushing involves changes in cutaneous blood flow triggered by multiple intrinsic factors that are either related to physiology or disease. Flushing can be divided into episodic or persistent causes. Episodic flushing is mediated by the release of endogenous vasoactive mediators or medications, while persistent flushing results in a fixed facial erythema with telangiectasia and cyanosis due to slow-flowing deoxygenated blood in large cutaneous blood vessels. The differential diagnosis of cutaneous flushing in neuroendocrine disorders is limited, yet encompasses a broad spectrum of benign and malignant entities, including carcinoid syndrome, pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, medullary thyroid cancer, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In this review, we provide a concise and up-to-date discussion on the differential diagnosis and approach of flushing in neuroendocrinology.
Topics: Endocrine System Diseases; Flushing; Humans; Neuroendocrine Tumors
PubMed: 27873108
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9394-8 -
Comprehensive Therapy 2005Disorders of flushing encompass a broad spectrum of diverse acquired and inherited conditions. Chemical mediators involved in the flushing response are incompletely... (Review)
Review
Disorders of flushing encompass a broad spectrum of diverse acquired and inherited conditions. Chemical mediators involved in the flushing response are incompletely understood. Flushing episodes rarely can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The goal of the physician is to separate benign from potentially life-threatening conditions. Accurate diagnosis requires a thorough history and physical examination emphasizing the age of the patient, temporal association of flushing with occupation, environmental, stress, food, or drug exposure, and the duration of the episode. In some cases, despite a thorough evaluation, the etiology for flushing remains unknown. Understanding the distinct mechanisms that lead to flushing helps provide a rational approach to treatment.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Flushing; Humans; Marine Toxins; Neoplasms; Occupational Exposure; Postmenopause; Rosacea; Syndrome
PubMed: 15793325
DOI: 10.1385/comp:31:1:059 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Sep 2017The flushing phenomenon may represent a physiologic or a pathologic reaction. Although flushing is usually benign, it is prudent that the physician remains aware of... (Review)
Review
The flushing phenomenon may represent a physiologic or a pathologic reaction. Although flushing is usually benign, it is prudent that the physician remains aware of potentially life-threatening conditions associated with cutaneous flushing. A thorough investigation should be performed if the flushing is atypical or not clearly associated with a benign underlying process. The diagnosis often relies on a pertinent history, review of systems, physical examination, and various laboratory and imaging modalities, all of which are discussed in the 2 articles in this continuing medical education series. This article reviews flushing associated with fever, hyperthermia, emotions, menopause, medications, alcohol, food, hypersensitivity reactions, rosacea, hyperthyroidism, dumping syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, and neurologic etiologies.
Topics: Climacteric; Female; Flushing; Humans; Male; Symptom Assessment
PubMed: 28807107
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.031 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology May 2024
Topics: Rosacea; Humans; Flushing
PubMed: 38099889
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.002 -
European Journal of Endocrinology Nov 2017Flushing can be defined as a sensation of warmth accompanied by erythema that most commonly is seen on the face and which occurs in episodic attacks. Such a problem can... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Flushing can be defined as a sensation of warmth accompanied by erythema that most commonly is seen on the face and which occurs in episodic attacks. Such a problem can be clinically problematic, since many conditions and drugs can be related to flushing, and while often there appears to be no underlying organic disease, it is important to exclude disorders since they may be life-threatening conditions.
DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a search in MEDLINE using the terms 'flushing' in combination with 'carcinoid syndrome', 'pheochromocytoma', 'mastocytosis', 'menopausal hot flush' and 'treatment'. European and American guidelines relating to neuroendocrine tumours, mastocytosis and menopause were reviewed.
RESULTS
In this review, we discuss the main causes of flushing and propose an algorithm based on pathogenesis, which can be used to guide the clinical evaluation process. We also review recent significant developments in the assessment and treatment of the carcinoid syndrome and menopausal hot flushes, which should guide the clinical practice regarding this common but sometimes confusing condition.
CONCLUSIONS
When evaluating flushing, a precise systematic approach is needed to exclude potentially serious underlying causes, although despite this, the cause of the disorder is not always found. If symptoms are not progressive, the patient should be advised about its apparently benign nature in order to avoid unnecessary studies or initiating treatments of minimal benefit.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Algorithms; Disease Management; Endocrine System Diseases; Flushing; Hot Flashes; Humans; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Menopause; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pheochromocytoma; Sweating
PubMed: 28982960
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-17-0295 -
International Journal of Dermatology Nov 1985
Review
Topics: Alcoholic Beverages; Carcinoid Tumor; Drug Interactions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Flushing; Humans; Male; Menopause; Neoplasms; Nicotinic Acids; Ovariectomy
PubMed: 3905635
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05847.x -
Journal of the Royal College of... Jul 1978
Topics: Blushing; Humans; Hypothalamus; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Neoplasms; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vasomotor System
PubMed: 682134
DOI: No ID Found -
Post Reproductive Health Dec 2017Hot flushes and generalised sweating are relatively common presenting complaints, with hypogonadism an important differential diagnosis in both sexes and menopause being... (Review)
Review
Hot flushes and generalised sweating are relatively common presenting complaints, with hypogonadism an important differential diagnosis in both sexes and menopause being the most typical cause in females of climacteric age. However, a variety of other conditions do need to be carefully considered in respect of eugonadal individuals and also for those hypogonadal ones where properly dosed sex steroid replacement has failed to control flushing and sweating, or where the presentation is atypical. Alternative aetiologies may be immediately obvious from the history and physical examination, but more unusual conditions may require deeper scrutiny. This clinical review elaborates on the non-menopausal endocrine and non-endocrine causes of flushing and sweating, including both common and rarer conditions.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Flushing; Food; Humans; Menopause; Neoplasms; Physical Examination; Sweating
PubMed: 28649907
DOI: 10.1177/2053369117715371 -
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia Sep 2022
Topics: Flushing; Humans; Hypotension; Mesentery; Traction
PubMed: 35413584
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110822 -
Nutrition Reviews Apr 1967
Review
Topics: Blushing; Dumping Syndrome; Humans; Kinins; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Vasomotor System
PubMed: 5342322
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1967.tb05594.x