-
Parasites & Vectors Dec 2020Human gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis. Its etiological agents are the third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. Human gnathostomiasis is often reported in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Human gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis. Its etiological agents are the third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. Human gnathostomiasis is often reported in developing countries, but it is also an emerging disease in developed countries in non-endemic areas. The recent surge in cases of human gnathostomiasis is mainly due to the increasing consumption of raw freshwater fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
METHODS
This article reviews the literature on Gnathostoma spp. and the disease that these parasites cause in humans. We review the literature on the life cycle and pathogenesis of these parasites, the clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, control, and new molecular findings on human gnathostomiasis, and social-ecological factors related to the transmission of this disease.
CONCLUSIONS
The information presented provides an impetus for studying the parasite biology and host immunity. It is urgently needed to develop a quick and sensitive diagnosis and to develop an effective regimen for the management and control of human gnathostomiasis.
Topics: Animals; Fishes; Food Parasitology; Foodborne Diseases; Fresh Water; Gnathostoma; Gnathostomiasis; Humans; Immunity; Larva; Life Cycle Stages; Socioeconomic Factors; Zoonoses
PubMed: 33298141
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04494-4 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Aug 2021
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Animals; Gnathostoma; Gnathostomiasis; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Occipital Lobe; Serologic Tests; Thailand; Travel
PubMed: 34296434
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51189 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021is the most common cause of gnathostomiasis in humans. It has a complex life cycle, which requires two intermediate hosts and a definitive host, and poses a high risk... (Review)
Review
is the most common cause of gnathostomiasis in humans. It has a complex life cycle, which requires two intermediate hosts and a definitive host, and poses a high risk for zoonosis. Definitive prognosis of gnathostomiasis relies mainly on the isolation of advanced-stage larvae (aL3), which is very challenging especially if the aL3 is sequestered in difficult-to-reach organs. There is also a lack of a confirmatory diagnostic test for gnathostomiasis. With the ongoing advancement of proteomics, a potential diagnostic approach is underway using immunoproteomics and immunodiagnostics. In addition to this, the employment of mass spectrometry could further elucidate not only understanding the biology of the parasite but also determining potential targets of prospective drugs and vaccines. This article reports the past, present, and future application of proteomics in the study of gnathostomiasis.
PubMed: 34578113
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091080 -
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Jul 2023The purpose of this article is to report a case of ocular gnathostomiasis presenting with acute anterior uveitis and uveitis glaucoma. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The purpose of this article is to report a case of ocular gnathostomiasis presenting with acute anterior uveitis and uveitis glaucoma.
METHODS
observational case report and literature review.
RESULTS
A 56-year-old Thai male was referred to a tertiary eye center with acute anterior uveitis and uveitis glaucoma in the right eye. A nematode was found in the right anterior chamber. Surgical removal of the nematode was successfully performed. was the nematode identified on pathological examination.
CONCLUSIONS
Early detection of the parasite and timely surgical removal is the key to the management of ocular gnathostomiasis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Gnathostomiasis; Gnathostoma; Glaucoma; Eye; Uveitis, Anterior; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 35588303
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2073239 -
Food and Waterborne Parasitology Dec 2023is a parasitic nematode that can infect a wide range of animal species, but human populations have become accidental hosts because of their habit of eating raw or... (Review)
Review
is a parasitic nematode that can infect a wide range of animal species, but human populations have become accidental hosts because of their habit of eating raw or undercooked meat from a wide variety of intermediate hosts. While gnathostomiasis is considered an endemic disease, cases of human gnathostomiasis have been increasing over time, most notably in nonendemic areas. There are several complexities to this parasitic disease, and this review provides an update on human gnathostomiasis, including the life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and treatment strategies used to combat drug resistance. Even now, a definitive diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is still challenging because it is difficult to isolate larvae for parasitological confirmation. Another reason is the varying clinical symptoms recorded in reported cases. Clinical cases can be confirmed by immunodiagnosis. For , the detection of IgG against a specific antigenic band with a molecular weight of 24 kDa from advanced third-stage larvae (aL3), while for other species of including , the 33-kDa antigen protein is being used. This review also discusses cases of recurrence of gnathostomiasis and resistance mechanisms to two effective chemotherapeutics (albendazole and ivermectin) used against gnathostomiasis. This is significant, especially when planning strategies to combat anthelmintic resistance. Lastly, while no new chemotherapeutics against gnathostomiasis have been made available, we describe the management of recurrent gnathostomiasis using albendazole and ivermectin combinations or extensions of drug treatment plans.
PubMed: 37719690
DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00207 -
The British Journal of Dermatology May 2022
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Gnathostoma; Gnathostomiasis; Humans; Skin
PubMed: 35428971
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21007 -
Journal of Travel Medicine Aug 2021
Topics: Animals; Gnathostoma; Gnathostomiasis; Humans; Madagascar; Skin Diseases, Parasitic
PubMed: 33748851
DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab039 -
Journal of Travel Medicine 2015Gnathostomiasis, a helminthic infection commonly reported in Southeast Asia and Latin America, may follow consumption of raw seafood infected with muscle-encysted larvae... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gnathostomiasis, a helminthic infection commonly reported in Southeast Asia and Latin America, may follow consumption of raw seafood infected with muscle-encysted larvae of Gnathostoma species nematodes. As a result of increasingly exotic tastes for local ethnic dishes, including raw seafood, some regions outside of gnathostome-endemic areas import live species for raw consumption. This may facilitate imported human gnathostomiasis or potentially the establishment of this zoonosis in formerly nonendemic regions. Traveling to a gnathostome-endemic area is no longer a criterion for diagnosis. The objectives of this review are to enhance clinician awareness of this infection by describing the behavioral risk factors for its acquisition, life-cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention.
METHODS
Internet search engines were queried with the key medical subject heading words. Case reports, case series, epidemiological investigations, and laboratory studies were reviewed; high risk behaviors for gnathostomiasis were identified; and human cases were stratified as cutaneous gnathostomiasis, visceral gnathostomiasis, neurognathostomiasis, and ocular gnathostomiasis.
RESULTS
The greatest risk factors for gnathostomiasis included the consumption of raw freshwater seafood dishes in endemic regions and the consumption of raw imported or domestic seafood dishes in households and ethnic restaurants in many nonendemic regions.
CONCLUSIONS
Gnathostomiasis is no longer a disease of returning travelers, and autochthonous cases may be anticipated to increase as a result of the importation of live Gnathostoma-infected species and the potential establishment of regional zoonoses of Gnathostoma-infected wild species. Since the eradication of gnathostomiasis is unlikely given the global distribution of Gnathostoma nematodes, the only effective preventive strategy is to educate persons in endemic and nonendemic areas that fish, eels, frogs, snakes, and birds must be cooked thoroughly first before eating and not eaten raw or marinated. The onset of migratory subcutaneous swellings with hyper-eosinophilia weeks to months after consuming raw seafood should provoke suspicion of gnathostomiasis.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Asia, Southeastern; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Fishes; Food Contamination; Food Parasitology; Gnathostoma; Gnathostomiasis; Humans; Latin America
PubMed: 25997919
DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12212 -
Medecine Tropicale : Revue Du Corps de... 2005Gnathostomiasis is an helminthic zoonotic disease endemic in Asia, mainly in Southeastern Asia, and Latin America, that has been increasingly reported in travelers... (Review)
Review
Gnathostomiasis is an helminthic zoonotic disease endemic in Asia, mainly in Southeastern Asia, and Latin America, that has been increasingly reported in travelers returning from these areas. It is due to the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat (chiken, snakes), frogs or fish, contaminated with larvae of the gender Gnathostoma. Gnathostomiasis includes a great variety of clinical manifestations caused by cutaneous and/or visceral larva migrans syndrome. We present here parasitological, epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspect of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Gnathostoma; Humans; Spirurida Infections
PubMed: 15903069
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2009Gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by the late-third stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. It is being seen with increasing frequency in countries where it is... (Review)
Review
Gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by the late-third stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. It is being seen with increasing frequency in countries where it is not endemic and should be regarded as another emerging imported disease. Previously, its foci of endemicity have been confined to Southeast Asia and Central and South America, but its geographical boundaries appear to be increasing, with recent reports of infection in tourists returning from southern Africa. It has a complex life cycle involving at least two intermediate hosts, with humans being accidental hosts in which the larvae cannot reach sexual maturity. The main risks for acquisition are consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish and geographical exposure. Infection results in initial nonspecific symptoms followed by cutaneous and/or visceral larva migrans, with the latter carrying high morbidity and mortality rates if there is central nervous system involvement. We review the literature and describe the epidemiology, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gnathostomiasis.
Topics: Africa, Southern; Animals; Anthelmintics; Asia, Southeastern; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Gnathostoma; Humans; South America; Spirurida Infections
PubMed: 19597010
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00003-09