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Frontiers in Microbiology 2024is a genus of spiral-shaped Gram-negative enterohepatic bacteria whose members are capable of causing bacteremia in humans. One of the poorly studied members of this... (Review)
Review
is a genus of spiral-shaped Gram-negative enterohepatic bacteria whose members are capable of causing bacteremia in humans. One of the poorly studied members of this genus is the bacterium . This microorganism was first isolated from human fecal samples in 1984. Although it was long considered to be associated with only immunocompromised patients, more evidence in recent years has implicated in causing serious pathologies in immunocompetent populations. In addition, is also reported to be associated with a few chronic or severe illnesses, such as atherosclerosis, which in turn can lead to the development of other cardiovascular pathologies: one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. often goes unnoticed in standard diagnostic methods due to its slow growth under microaerobic conditions. This often leads to significant underdetection and hence undermines the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of various diseases and the extent of its spread in humans. In this review, we have compiled information on pathologies associated with , the occurrence of the bacterium in humans and animals, and the latest developments in diagnosing the bacterium and treating associated diseases.
PubMed: 38650874
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1371717 -
Microbial Genomics May 2022is an enterohepatic that causes bacteremia and other diseases in humans. While -like strains are isolated from animals, including dog isolates belonging to a recently...
is an enterohepatic that causes bacteremia and other diseases in humans. While -like strains are isolated from animals, including dog isolates belonging to a recently proposed , little is known about the genetic differences between and these animal isolates. Here, we sequenced 43 or -like strains isolated from humans, hamsters, rats and dogs and collected 81 genome sequences of , and other enterohepatic strains from public databases. Genomic comparison of these strains identified four distinct clades (clades I-IV) in '' (HCCM) complex. Among these, clade I corresponds to and represents a human-adapted lineage in the complex. We identified several genomic features unique to clade I. They include the accumulation of antimicrobial resistance-related mutations that reflects the human association of clade I and the larger genome size and the presence of a CRISPR-Cas system and multiple toxin-antitoxin and restriction-modification systems, both of which indicate the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the evolution of clade I. In addition, nearly all clade I strains but only a few strains belonging to one minor clade contained a highly variable genomic region encoding a type VI secretion system (T6SS), which could play important roles in gut colonization by killing competitors or inhibiting their growth. We also developed a method to systematically search for sequences in large metagenome data sets based on the results of genome comparison. Using this method, we successfully identified multiple HCCM complex-containing human faecal metagenome samples and obtained the sequence information covering almost the entire genome of each strain. Importantly, all were clade I strains, supporting our conclusion that is a human-adapted lineage in the HCCM complex.
Topics: Animals; Bacteremia; Cricetinae; Dogs; Helicobacter; Helicobacter Infections; Humans; Rats
PubMed: 35536747
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000830 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Jul 2016Helicobacter cinaedi is an emerging Gram-negative spiral bacillus that was first reported in 1984. It has been implicated as a cause of gastroenteritis and bacteraemia... (Review)
Review
Helicobacter cinaedi is an emerging Gram-negative spiral bacillus that was first reported in 1984. It has been implicated as a cause of gastroenteritis and bacteraemia in immunocompromised individuals. Helicobacter cinaedi-associated bacteraemia is sometimes accompanied by skin lesions; however, the cutaneous manifestations of this pathogen are not widely known. To our knowledge, a comprehensive review with detailed analysis of skin lesions associated with H. cinaedi has not been conducted. This article summarizes the clinical appearance of H. cinaedi cellulitis and its management. In addition, we conducted a retrospective review of 73 patients with H. cinaedi bacteraemia at a single institution, to further clarify the characteristic cutaneous features. It was found that 30% (22/73) of the cases of H. cinaedi bacteraemia had sudden-onset erythema accompanied by high fever. The most common cutaneous symptom of H. cinaedi bacteraemia was found to be mild cellulitis, appearing as multiple painful infiltrated erythemas on the extremities. As H. cinaedi is not always detectable in routine blood culture techniques, evaluation of these characteristic cutaneous manifestations seems important in diagnosis. Helicobacter cinaedi infection should be added to the diagnostic list of unspecified fever with painful infiltrated erythemas.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Erythema; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Humans; Infection Control; Male; Middle Aged; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 26678698
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14353 -
Gut Pathogens Apr 2021Helicobacter cinaedi are motile, gram-negative spiral rods with a natural reservoir in the intestinal tract of hamsters and rhesus monkeys. In humans, H. cinaedi has...
BACKGROUND
Helicobacter cinaedi are motile, gram-negative spiral rods with a natural reservoir in the intestinal tract of hamsters and rhesus monkeys. In humans, H. cinaedi has been reported in different human infections like fever, abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, proctitis, diarrhoea, erysipelas, cellulitis, arthritis, and neonatal meningitis typically diagnosed by positive blood cultures. Even though H. cinaedi has been detected from human blood and stool the entry of H. cinaedi into the blood stream was undocumented until quite recently. The use of pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated that stool- and blood-derived H. cinaedi strains were consistent.
CASE PRESENTATION
Here, we describe a rare Danish case of H. cinaedi bacteraemia in an immunocompetent 44-year-old male with diarrhoea. We isolated H. cinaedi from a blood culture taken at admission, and from a FecalSwab taken at day six despite ongoing antibiotic therapy. Next, we made a genetic comparison of both isolates by use of Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)- and Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-analysis. The two isolates were identical with zero SNPs and by use of MLST the isolate was identified as a novel ST20, confirming previous data of the intestinal tract as a route of H. cinaedi bacteraemia. The results of our AST showed a resistance pattern with higher MICs for ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin than for ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and imipenem. The patient was cured with targeted therapy with pivampicillin; however, the primary source of transmission was unknown.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this case of H. cinaedi bacteraemia secondary to enterocolitis in an immunocompetent patient provide clear evidence that one route of infection occurs through translocation from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream. Helicobacter cinaedi from blood and faeces were identical with a novel ST20, resistant to ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin however, the patient was cured with oral pivampicillin.
PubMed: 33888153
DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00422-8 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Nov 2020X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is characterized by severe or recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and circulating B cell deficiency. The frequent pathogens...
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is characterized by severe or recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and circulating B cell deficiency. The frequent pathogens seen in patients with XLA include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterovirus as well as Campylobacter and Helicobacter species. Here, we describe two patients with XLA who developed cellulitis and bacteremia caused by Helicobacter cinaedi even when administered an appropriate immunoglobulin replacement therapy. H. cinaedi may be difficult to isolate using a conventional blood culture system and could be identified by sequence analysis and mass spectrometry. H. cinaedi infection causes recurrent symptoms frequently, and patients require a long course of antibiotic treatment. Recently, the case of non-H. pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) infection such as H. cinaedi and H. bilis infection is increasing in number in patients with XLA. Systemic NHPH infection should be suspected, and extensive microbiological analysis should be performed to appropriately treat patients with XLA who present with fever and skin lesions.
Topics: Agammaglobulinemia; Bacteremia; Cellulitis; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked; Helicobacter; Helicobacter Infections; Humans
PubMed: 32914284
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00830-6 -
Cureus Sep 2023, a Gram-negative spiral bacterium, is a rare cause of bacteremia in humans. Unfortunately, little is known about infections in emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to...
AIM
, a Gram-negative spiral bacterium, is a rare cause of bacteremia in humans. Unfortunately, little is known about infections in emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to describe the clinical features of infections in the ED.
METHODS
We conducted a descriptive study at the ED of Kobe City General Hospital (KCGH) in Japan between November 2011 and December 2020. We included all ED patients with infections. We retrospectively obtained the patient data from electronic medical records and described the patient characteristics, clinical course, and management of infections.
RESULTS
A total of 22 patients in the ED were diagnosed with infections, and all of them were detected through blood cultures. The chief complaints were vague: fever (18/22, 81.8%), chills (10/22, 45.5%), and localized pain or tenderness (8/22, 36.4%). Patients with complicated cases were also reported in the ED; three patients had vertebral osteomyelitis, two had infected aortic aneurysms, and another two had infected cysts (renal cyst and pancreatic cyst with concomitant empyema). Tetracycline (minocycline) was primarily prescribed and administered intravenously in five of 15 (33.3%) and orally in nine of 20 (45.0%) patients. Only one (4.5%) patient required surgical interventions. None of the patients died in the hospital.
CONCLUSIONS
We reported the clinical features of infections in the ED. Although some patients developed complicated infections, the prognosis was not poor under appropriate treatment, and most of them were successfully treated with antibiotics, primarily tetracycline.
PubMed: 37799212
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44650 -
IDCases 2022
PubMed: 35127452
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01426 -
Acta Medica Okayama Apr 2018A 65-year-old Japanese man with bilateral carotid atherosclerosis presented with right neck pain and fever. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography suggested carotid...
A 65-year-old Japanese man with bilateral carotid atherosclerosis presented with right neck pain and fever. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography suggested carotid arteritis, and carotid ultrasonography showed an unstable plaque. The patient developed a cerebral embolism, causing a transient ischemic attack. Helicobacter cinaedi was detected in blood culture, and H. cinaedi-associated carotid arteritis was diagnosed. Empirical antibiotic therapy was administered for 6 weeks. After readmission for recurrent fever, he was treated another 8 weeks. Although the relationship between H. cinaedi infection and atherosclerosis development remains unclear, the atherosclerotic changes in our patient's carotid artery might have been attributable to H. cinaedi infection.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arteritis; Bacteremia; Carotid Artery Diseases; Ceftriaxone; Helicobacter; Helicobacter Infections; Humans; Male; Meropenem; Thienamycins
PubMed: 29674769
DOI: 10.18926/AMO/55861 -
IDCases 2020Of the non- (NHPH) species, is an emerging cause of infection in humans. Here we report a novel clinical presentation of infection: a case of fever in a returning...
Of the non- (NHPH) species, is an emerging cause of infection in humans. Here we report a novel clinical presentation of infection: a case of fever in a returning traveler. A 31 year old previously fit and well male presented with onset of fever 24 h after returning from travel in Singapore and Indonesia. Associated symptoms consisted of sore throat, mild shortness of breath, generalized myalgia and arthralgia, headache, and four episodes of loose stools. The patient recovered spontaneously without treatment and was discharged. After 4 days of incubation, blood cultures grew . is a slow-growing fastidious organism poorly detected by some commonly used automated blood culture systems, and difficult to identify using commercial or traditional biochemical identification systems. This case illustrates the importance of as an emerging pathogen in immunocompetent patients, with a wide variety of possible clinical presentations. The challenges in the microbiological diagnosis of infections lead us to speculate that is an underdiagnosed cause of febrile illness, both in returning travelers and in other clinical settings.
PubMed: 32695610
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00910 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2012Helicobacter cinaedi causes infections, such as bacteremia, diarrhea and cellulitis in mainly immunocompromised patients. This pathogen is often problematic to analyze,... (Review)
Review
Helicobacter cinaedi causes infections, such as bacteremia, diarrhea and cellulitis in mainly immunocompromised patients. This pathogen is often problematic to analyze, and insufficient information is available, because it grows slowly and poorly in subculture under a microaerobic atmosphere. The first-choice therapy to eradicate H. cinaedi is antimicrobial chemotherapy; however, its use is linked to the development of resistance. Although we need to understand the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of H. cinaedi, unfortunately, sufficient genetic tools for H. cinaedi have not yet been developed. In July 2012, the complete sequence of H. cinaedi strain PAGU 611, isolated from a case of human bacteremia, was announced. This strain possesses multidrug efflux systems, intrinsic antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and typical mutations in gyrA and the 23S rRNA gene, which are involved in acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, respectively. Here, we compare the organization and properties of the efflux systems of H. cinaedi with the multidrug efflux systems identified in other bacteria.
PubMed: 27029418
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics1010029