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Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and... Apr 2023Immune methods are measurement systems that can be affected by interference. The interfering substance may be endogenous immunoglobulins, antibodies, analyte-antibody...
Immune methods are measurement systems that can be affected by interference. The interfering substance may be endogenous immunoglobulins, antibodies, analyte-antibody complexes, and heterophile antibodies. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of macrovitamin B12 on high vitamin B12 levels measured using immune methods. Among the serum samples studied in our laboratory; serum from 145 individuals was determined as the patient group and serum from 50 individuals was determined as the control group. We investigated the effect of macroprotein on B12 measurement by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, heterophile antibody blocking tube (HBT) and serial dilution methods. According to the recovery evaluation and the modified reference range evaluation after precipitation with PEG, the macrovitamin B12 percentage in the patient group was 58 (40%) and 65 (44.8%), respectively. There was no decrease in vitamin B12 values after the study with HBT. A lack of linearity was observed in 23 (18.7%) of 123 sera with serial dilution method. Macrovitamin B12 should be considered as a differential diagnosis of unexpectedly high vitamin B12 levels. According to the results of our study, we think that it would be appropriate to precipitate with PEG first when there is a suspicion of macrovitamin B12. In collaboration with clinical and laboratory, we recommend that the patient's clinical status and additional laboratory findings be examined, and the patient's sample should be evaluated and interpreted by a specialist in biochemistry by selecting the appropriate interference detection method.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin B 12; Antibodies, Heterophile; Polyethylene Glycols; Antibodies
PubMed: 36750978
DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2175328 -
Clinical Biochemistry Sep 2019
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Troponin I
PubMed: 31279688
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.07.004 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2008Immunoassays are one of the main methods of measuring thyroid hormones. They are prone to interference. Interference of the immunoassays has been increasingly recognized...
Immunoassays are one of the main methods of measuring thyroid hormones. They are prone to interference. Interference of the immunoassays has been increasingly recognized as a problem because it may lead to misinterpretation of results resulting in unnecessary investigation and wrong course of treatment. We describe a patient who had interference in her thyroid function measurements (free T4, free T3 and TSH) during the course of treatment for Graves' disease.
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Immunoassay; Luminescent Measurements; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 19043256
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1496 -
Clinical Chemistry May 1999Heterophile antibodies are antibodies produced against poorly defined antigens. These are generally weak antibodies with multispecific activities. Human anti-animal...
Heterophile antibodies are antibodies produced against poorly defined antigens. These are generally weak antibodies with multispecific activities. Human anti-animal antibodies that develop as a result of treatments with animal immunoglobulins are antibodies with strong avidities, produced against well-defined antigens. Although heterophile antibodies and human anti-animal antibodies interfere with immunological assays by similar mechanisms, modes for identifying the sources of the antibodies and for circumventing or retarding the interference may differ. Unfortunately, there has not been a well-organized attempt to encourage correct definition of these antibodies. This problem of inexact definition is highlighted by recent articles in this Journal. In the present discussion, we examine the history leading to this problem and discuss the origins and the reasons that the nature of the antibody is important for rectifying the problem. We propose a simple nomenclature for general usage that should appropriately characterize these antibodies in most cases.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Heterophile; Cross Reactions; Humans; Immunoassay; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 10222346
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 1975Three heterophile antibody tests and a test specific for IgM antibody to Epstein-Barr virus were evaluated during prospective studies of infectious mononucleosis....
A prospective evaluation of heterophile and Epstein-Barr virus-specific IgM antibody tests in clinical and subclinical infectious mononucleosis: Specificity and sensitivity of the tests and persistence of antibody.
Three heterophile antibody tests and a test specific for IgM antibody to Epstein-Barr virus were evaluated during prospective studies of infectious mononucleosis. Specificity was judged by the frequency of false-positive results in sera of known qualities taken before illness; except for two patients bled during early, unrecognized illnes,, titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 were detected in 12% by the absorbed sheep red cell test, in 6.7% by the absorbed horse red cell test, and in none by the beef cell hemolysin test. None had IgM antibody specific for Epstein-Barr virus in sera obtained before illness. In addition, no rises in titer of heterophile antibody were detected by the horse cell test in 38 patients with proved rubella and/or influenza infection. In terms of sensitivity (indicated by the percentage of cases with diagnostic titers during infectious mononucleosis), 97% were positive by the Epstein-Barr virus IgM test, 96% by the horse cell agglutination test, 85% by the beef hemolysin test, and 81% by the sheep cell agglutination test. Persistence of antibody was judged by serial bleedings up to three years after illness; titers of heterophile antibody by the sheep agglutination and beef hemolysin tests as well as titers of IgM antibody to Epstein-Barr virus returned to normal in two to three months, whereas the horse cell heterophile test remained positive for a year or more in 75%. Inapparent and mild infections with Epstein-Barr virus resulted in the production of horse cell heterophile antibody in 48.4% of 122 subjects.
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Antibody Formation; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Infectious Mononucleosis; Male
PubMed: 171321
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/132.5.546 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Nov 2021Falsely elevated estradiol is rare, may result from heterophile antibody interference, and can result in unnecessary investigation and intervention. We present the case...
Falsely elevated estradiol is rare, may result from heterophile antibody interference, and can result in unnecessary investigation and intervention. We present the case of a 56-year-old female with falsely elevated estradiol levels inconsistent with her overall clinical picture, which ultimately led to an unnecessary surgical procedure. With the use of alternative analytical platforms and a heterophile antibody blocking agent, we determined the false elevation was due to heterophile antibody interference. Clinicians must suspect and investigate for laboratory error when the clinical picture contradicts laboratory results.
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Estradiol; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Middle Aged
PubMed: 33587834
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000324 -
Transplant Immunology Jun 2009The use of porcine organs for clinical transplantation is a promising potential solution to the shortage of human organs. Preformed anti-pig antibody is the primary... (Review)
Review
The use of porcine organs for clinical transplantation is a promising potential solution to the shortage of human organs. Preformed anti-pig antibody is the primary cause of hyperacute rejection, while elicited antibody can contribute to subsequent "delayed" xenograft rejection. This article will review recent progress to overcome antibody mediated xenograft rejection, through modification of the host immunity and use of genetically engineered pig organs.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Antibodies, Heterophile; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity; CD40 Ligand; Complement Activation; Complement System Proteins; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Galactosyltransferases; Graft Rejection; Humans; Organ Transplantation; Primates; Swine; Thrombosis; Transplantation, Heterologous
PubMed: 19376229
DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.03.008 -
Revista de Igiena, Bacteriologie,... 1989After a short history and definition of the heterophile antibodies (antibodies in the IgM class, reacting to the antigenic determinants common to several species of... (Review)
Review
After a short history and definition of the heterophile antibodies (antibodies in the IgM class, reacting to the antigenic determinants common to several species of animals) the paper reports on the antigens generating heterophile antibodies: the Forssman antigen, the Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen, the Paul-Brunnell antigen, respectively. Data are presented on the structure of these antigens and the important in diagnosing the heterophile antibodies in a series of diseases: malignant tumours, lymphomas, leukemias, infections mononucleosis, rheumatoid polyarthritis, Kawasaki's disease, Marek's disease.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Heterophile; Antigens, Heterophile; Antigens, Surface; Forssman Antigen; Humans; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 2675268
DOI: No ID Found -
Xenotransplantation 2013This is a personal account of the discovery of the natural anti-Gal antibody, the most abundant natural antibody in humans, the reciprocal distribution of this antibody... (Review)
Review
This is a personal account of the discovery of the natural anti-Gal antibody, the most abundant natural antibody in humans, the reciprocal distribution of this antibody and its ligand the α-gal epitope in mammals and the immunological barrier this antibody has formed in porcine to human xenotransplantation. This barrier has been overcome in the recent decade with the generation of α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs. However, anti-Gal continues to be relevant in medicine as it can be harnessed for various therapeutic effects. Anti-Gal converts tumor lesions injected with α-gal glycolipids into vaccines that elicit a protective anti-tumor immune response by in situ targeting of tumor cells for uptake by antigen-presenting cells. This antibody further accelerates wound and burn healing by interaction with α-gal nanoparticles applied to injured areas and induction of rapid recruitment and activation of macrophages. Anti-Gal/α-gal nanoparticle immune complexes may further induce rapid recruitment and activation of macrophages in ischemic myocardium and injured nerves, thereby inducing tissue regeneration and prevention of fibrosis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Heterophile; Antigens, Heterophile; Cancer Vaccines; Galactosyltransferases; Heterografts; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Myocardial Ischemia; Nerve Regeneration; Primates; Swine; Trisaccharides; Wound Healing
PubMed: 23577774
DOI: 10.1111/xen.12034 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Nov 2013A variety of immunoassays including multiplex suspension bead array have been developed for tumor marker detections; however, these assays could be compromised in their...
BACKGROUND
A variety of immunoassays including multiplex suspension bead array have been developed for tumor marker detections; however, these assays could be compromised in their sensitivity and specificity by well-known heterophile antibody interference and hook effect.
METHODS
Using Luminex® multiplex suspension bead arrays, we modified protocols with two newly-developed solutions that can identify heterophile antibody interference and AFP hook effect. Effectiveness of the two solutions was assessed in serum samples from patients.
RESULTS
Concentrations of 9 tumor markers in heterophile antibody positive samples assayed with Solution A, containing murine monoclonal antibodies and mouse serum, were significantly reduced when compared with those false high signals assayed without Solution A (all p<0.01). With incorporation of Solution H (fluorescent beads linked with AFP antigen), a new strategy for identification of AFP hook effect was established, and with this strategy AFP hook effect was identified effectively in serum samples with very high levels of AFP.
CONCLUSIONS
Two proprietary solutions improve the identification of heterophile antibody interference and AFP hook effect. With these solutions, multiplex suspension bead arrays provide more reliable testing results in tumor marker detection where complex clinical serum samples are used.
Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Antibody Specificity; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunoassay; Luminescent Measurements; Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity; alpha-Fetoproteins
PubMed: 24041811
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.005