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Annals of the New York Academy of... Feb 2010Integration of the relevant evolutionary paradigm in cardiology has not yet been fully achieved: In the past, heart failure (HF) was mainly ascribed to infections, and... (Review)
Review
Integration of the relevant evolutionary paradigm in cardiology has not yet been fully achieved: In the past, heart failure (HF) was mainly ascribed to infections, and the origins of cardiac hypertrophy (CH) were regarded as mechanical. Recent changes in lifestyle have both reduced the incidence of infections and increased lifespan, and HF is now seen as a complex disease--one that is still caused by mechanical disorder, but also associated with ischemia and senescence. The long-held view that CH serves to restore myocardial economy back to normal is still valid. The adaptive process is characterized by a quantitative and a qualitative fetal gene reprogramming, which is now being confirmed by recent advances in microRNA research. It underscores the fact CH is the physiologic reaction of the heart to a pathologic stimulus. The goal for therapy is economic, not inotropic. Another major issue is myocardial fibrosis, a major determinant of diastolic function and arrhythmias. Recent changes in lifestyle have crucially modified the context in which HF occurs.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertrophy; Life Style
PubMed: 20201887
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05084.x -
American Journal of Physiology. Heart... May 2012During the neonatal period, cardiac energy metabolism progresses from a fetal glycolytic profile towards one more dependent on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. In...
During the neonatal period, cardiac energy metabolism progresses from a fetal glycolytic profile towards one more dependent on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. In this study, we identified the effects of cardiac hypertrophy on neonatal cardiac metabolic maturation and its impact on neonatal postischemic functional recovery. Seven-day-old rabbits were subjected to either a sham or a surgical procedure to induce a left-to-right shunt via an aortocaval fistula to cause RV volume-overload. At 3 wk of age, hearts were isolated from both groups and perfused as isolated, biventricular preparations to assess cardiac energy metabolism. Volume-overload resulted in cardiac hypertrophy (16% increase in cardiac mass, P < 0.05) without evidence of cardiac dysfunction in vivo or in vitro. Fatty acid oxidation rates were 60% lower (P < 0.05) in hypertrophied hearts than controls, whereas glycolysis increased 246% (P < 0.05). In contrast, glucose and lactate oxidation rates were unchanged. Overall ATP production rates were significantly lower in hypertrophied hearts, resulting in increased AMP-to-ATP ratios in both aerobic hearts and ischemia-reperfused hearts. The lowered energy generation of hypertrophied hearts depressed functional recovery from ischemia. Decreased fatty acid oxidation rates were accompanied by increased malonyl-CoA levels due to decreased malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity/expression. Increased glycolysis in hypertrophied hearts was accompanied by a significant increase in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression, a key transcriptional regulator of glycolysis. Cardiac hypertrophy in the neonatal heart results in a reemergence of the fetal metabolic profile, which compromises ATP production in the rapidly maturing heart and impairs recovery of function following ischemia.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Female; Glycolysis; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Male; Models, Animal; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardium; Oxidation-Reduction; PPAR alpha; Rabbits
PubMed: 22408020
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00804.2011 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Dec 2017This study investigates the therapeutic effect of a nanocurcumin formulation (NCF) containing nanocurcumin (NC) and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on ameliorating...
This study investigates the therapeutic effect of a nanocurcumin formulation (NCF) containing nanocurcumin (NC) and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on ameliorating hypoxia-induced stress in hypertrophied primary human ventricular cardiomyocytes (HVCM) under hypoxic conditions, as validated in a Sprague-Dawley rat model of chronic hypobaric hypoxia (cHH)-induced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Based on our previous findings, here, we analyzed the improvement in the protective efficacy of NCF against mitochondrial damage. The electron transport chain Complexes' activities were analyzed as a chief operational center for mitochondrial homeostasis, along with key gene and protein markers for mitochondrial biogenesis, redox function, fatty acid oxidation, bio-energetic deficit and cell survival. NCF supplementation imparts cyto-protection from hypoxia-induced hypertrophy and damage in both in vitro and in vivo models while maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis better than NC and PQQ alone. This study proposes the use of NCF as a potential candidate molecule for imparting protection from high altitude-induced maladies in ascendants.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Curcumin; Hypertrophy; Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular; Hypoxia; Male; Mitochondria; Myocytes, Cardiac; Pyrroles; Quinolines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 29611541
DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.199 -
Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics Apr 2013Isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy is an extremely rare cause of swelling in the temple region, with only 7 cases reported in the literature. The authors...
Isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy is an extremely rare cause of swelling in the temple region, with only 7 cases reported in the literature. The authors report the eighth case of this unique occurrence in a 17-year-old boy and review the current literature.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Muscular Diseases; Temporal Muscle
PubMed: 23394353
DOI: 10.3171/2013.1.PEDS12534 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Sep 2012A syndrome of progressive right-sided heart failure occurred among yearling Holsteins at a heifer-raising facility and 2 dairies on the Colorado Front Range between 2007...
A syndrome of progressive right-sided heart failure occurred among yearling Holsteins at a heifer-raising facility and 2 dairies on the Colorado Front Range between 2007 and 2011. Most cases were seen at the heifer-raising facility, where the disease ranked second only to pneumonia as a major cause of death in animals aged <1.5 years. The disease resulted in the death or premature sale of 55 animals over the 5-year period. Affected heifers were 4-15 months old when they developed dyspnea, tachycardia, distention and pulsation of jugular veins, lethargy, and weight loss. Clinical progression in most was rapid (2 days to 2 weeks). Ten cattle with typical clinical signs were examined postmortem between 2008 and 2010. Seven developed clinical signs after transportation 57-238 days earlier from Wisconsin (elevation: < 275 m); the remaining 3 animals were born and raised at an altitude of 1,600 m. At necropsy, the 10 cattle had marked hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardium, dilated right atria, right ventricles, and pulmonary trunks, as well as hepatomegaly, ascites, and serous atrophy of fat. The principal histological change in lungs was hypertrophied tunicae adventitia and media of muscular arteries. Hepatic changes were typical of chronic passive congestion. Ultrastructural changes in heart were consistent with uncomplicated hypertrophy of cardiocytes with no evidence of primary cardiomyopathy. The syndrome most likely represents brisket disease due to pulmonary hypertension at the modest elevation of 1,600 m.
Topics: Altitude; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Heart Failure; Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 22914818
DOI: 10.1177/1040638712453580 -
Japanese Circulation Journal Nov 1998Patients can present with hypertrophied papillary muscles in the left ventricle, even without hypertrophy in other segments, and they have electrocardiographic (ECG)...
Patients can present with hypertrophied papillary muscles in the left ventricle, even without hypertrophy in other segments, and they have electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This study was performed to evaluate whether the solitary papillary muscle hypertrophy was related to HCM. By analyzing 6731 echocardiographic studies between 1990 and 1994, the incidence of patients with papillary muscle hypertrophy was retrospectively examined, as well as the ECG features and family history related to HCM in these patients. After the normal size of the anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles was obtained from echocardiographic studies in 40 healthy subjects (0.7 +/- 0.2 cm for each of the vertical and horizontal axis), papillary muscle hypertrophy was defined as follows: either the vertical or horizontal diameter of at least one of the 2 papillary muscles was more than 1.1 cm (mean+2SD in the normal subjects). Using this definition, 29 patients with papillary muscle hypertrophy were identified, of whom 14 (48%) showed high voltage QRS complexes, 10 (34%) showed T wave inversion, and 6 (21%) showed abnormal Q waves. Ten patients (34%) had a family history of HCM. In 2 patients that were followed for 18 and 11 years, respectively, the voltages of the QRS complexes and inverted T waves progressed with the hypertrophy of the papillary muscle. These findings suggest that solitary papillary muscle hypertrophy is related to HCM and that papillary muscle hypertrophy is a newly identified subtype of or an early form of HCM.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Electrocardiography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Middle Aged; Papillary Muscles; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 9856596
DOI: 10.1253/jcj.62.811 -
Virchows Archiv. B, Cell Pathology... 1983Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed by retrograde perfusion fixation 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days after supravalvular aortic constriction (n = 33) or sham-operation...
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed by retrograde perfusion fixation 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days after supravalvular aortic constriction (n = 33) or sham-operation (n = 25). Subepicardial specimens of the left ventricular myocardium were evaluated by conventional electron microscopic morphometry, and in addition were examined for the occurrence of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) using large test areas (3.9 X 10(4) micron 2 per animal). The quotient of mitochondrial to myofibrillar volume fraction was largely unchanged during hypertrophy but was reduced by 25% compared with controls after termination of growth at 35 days. During the process of hypertrophy which eventually led to an increase in average single cell volume of the cardiomyocytes by 78%, the volume fraction and the numerical density of AVs was significantly lower than in sham-operated rats. The most striking difference was observed 7 days after the operations, the stage at which the growth rate of the cardiomyocytes relative to controls was at its maximum of 4.5% per day. At this point the volume fraction as well as the numerical density of AVs were reduced by about 50% compared with controls. At 14 and 21 days after operation, when the relative growth rate of the hypertrophying cardiomyocytes was still 2% and 1% per day, the AV volume fraction was reduced to a lesser extent (by 47% and 28%, respectively). After termination of adaptive growth at 35 days significant differences in fractional volume and numerical density of AVs were no longer detectable. These results suggest that degradation of cytoplasmic components is inhibited in cardiomyocytes undergoing hypertrophy. Such an anticatabolic reaction seems to play an important role in establishing the positive balance of cellular metabolism generally required for growth processes.
Topics: Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Autophagy; Cardiomegaly; Constriction, Pathologic; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardium; Myofibrils; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors
PubMed: 6137901
DOI: 10.1007/BF02932962 -
European Archives of... Oct 2021The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of submucous resection and combined submucous diathermy with outfracture technique in treatment of nasal obstruction... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of submucous resection and combined submucous diathermy with outfracture technique in treatment of nasal obstruction caused by inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
METHODS
This study is a prospective randomized clinical trial involving 90 patients with hypertrophied inferior turbinate not responding to medical treatment. All patients were selected with equal or near equal mucosal and bony turbinate components using computed tomography (CT) and then randomly allocated into two groups; group A (n = 45): underwent submucous resection in both sides and group B (n = 45): underwent combined submucous diathermy and outfracture in both sides. Subjective (NOSE score) and objective (4-grades endoscopic classification system and PNIF evaluation) measures of nasal airflow were done preoperatively and postoperatively.
RESULTS
Subjective assessment using NOSE scale proved that both techniques were effective in relieving nasal obstruction as it improved in both groups postoperatively compared to the preoperative data. However, resection technique was better than diathermy technique with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05), while objective assessment of nasal obstruction showed better results in resection group than diathermy group, but with no statistically significant difference.
CONCLUSION
Both techniques are effective in relief of nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy. However, submucous resection showed marked improvement compared to diathermy technique especially at long-term follow-up.
Topics: Diathermy; Humans; Hypertrophy; Nasal Obstruction; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Turbinates
PubMed: 33582852
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06663-2 -
The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical... Mar 2010Macromastia is a condition of abnormal enlargement of the breast tissue in excess of the normal proportion. The condition may be caused by glandular hypertrophy,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Macromastia is a condition of abnormal enlargement of the breast tissue in excess of the normal proportion. The condition may be caused by glandular hypertrophy, excessive fatty tissue or combination of both. The usual physiologic enlargement of female breast occurs over 3 to 5 years and the female breast size is related to body habitus and hereditary characteristics.
METHOD
A review of the literatures of Macromastia was undertaken with emphasis on presentation and management.
RESULT
The aetiology of macromastia is usually undetermined, however, hormonal excesses and hypersensitivity of the target organ have been found in some cases. Cases of hyperprolactinaemia has been reported by some workers. Immunological risk factors for development of macromastia have also been seen in some groups of patients with Myasthenia gravis, Chronic arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Ultrasonography may show no breast parenchyma abnormalities, while mammography may be indicated in some patients who are 40 years or older. Hormonal assay can be done but its value in treatment is doubtful. Drugs are only marginally effective in reversing gigantomastia, therefore surgery remains the mainstay of treatment.
CONCLUSION
Management of macromastia can be physically, socially and psychologically satisfying to both the patients and the surgeons.
Topics: Breast; Breast Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Mammaplasty; Mammography; Mastectomy; Organ Size; Ultrasonography, Mammary
PubMed: 20348982
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Neurologique 1989Hypertrophy of the calf associated with sciatica is rare. In the present case there was hypertrophy, predominantly of type I fibers, which showed a high percentage to... (Review)
Review
Hypertrophy of the calf associated with sciatica is rare. In the present case there was hypertrophy, predominantly of type I fibers, which showed a high percentage to the detriment of type II fibers. In the previously reported cases, the type of hypertrophied fibers was variable and pseudomyotonic discharges were inconstantly recorded. The mechanism underlying the hypertrophy is unknown. Inequality of size of muscle fibers could result from proximity of atrophic fibers and those with compensatory hypertrophy. The increased proportion of type I fibers could be the consequence of compensatory hypertrophy induced by lesions of synergic muscles and/or muscle compartments.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Middle Aged; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Sciatica
PubMed: 2678388
DOI: No ID Found