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Neurologic Clinics Feb 1984Excluding surgical procedures, this article focuses on clinical pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treatment of parkinsonism and tremor, chorea, dystonia, tic, and... (Review)
Review
Excluding surgical procedures, this article focuses on clinical pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treatment of parkinsonism and tremor, chorea, dystonia, tic, and tardive dyskinesia.
Topics: Brain; Chorea; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Dystonia Musculorum Deformans; Humans; Huntington Disease; Levodopa; Meige Syndrome; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 6239089
DOI: No ID Found -
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements... 2023Peripherally-induced movement disorders (PIMD) should be considered when involuntary or abnormal movements emerge shortly after an injury to a body part. A close... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Peripherally-induced movement disorders (PIMD) should be considered when involuntary or abnormal movements emerge shortly after an injury to a body part. A close topographic and temporal association between peripheral injury and onset of the movement disorders is crucial to diagnosing PIMD. PIMD is under-recognized and often misdiagnosed as functional movement disorder, although both may co-exist. Given the considerable diagnostic, therapeutic, and psychosocial-legal challenges associated with PIMD, it is crucial to update the clinical and scientific information about this important movement disorder.
METHODS
A comprehensive PubMed search through a broad range of keywords and combinations was performed in February 2023 to identify relevant articles for this narrative review.
RESULTS
The spectrum of the phenomenology of PIMD is broad and it encompasses both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movements. Hemifacial spasm is probably the most common PIMD. Others include dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism, myoclonus, painful leg moving toe syndrome, tics, polyminimyoclonus, and amputation stump dyskinesia. We also highlight conditions such as neuropathic tremor, pseudoathetosis, and -associated myogenic tremor as examples of PIMD.
DISCUSSION
There is considerable heterogeneity among PIMD in terms of severity and nature of injury, natural course, association with pain, and response to treatment. As some patients may have co-existing functional movement disorder, neurologists should be able to differentiate the two disorders. While the exact pathophysiology remains elusive, aberrant central sensitization after peripheral stimuli and maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex, on a background of genetic (two-hit hypothesis) or other predisposition, seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of PIMD.
Topics: Humans; Tremor; Movement Disorders; Dystonic Disorders; Tic Disorders; Dyskinesias; Myoclonus
PubMed: 37008994
DOI: 10.5334/tohm.758 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Aug 2019Tremor may be defined as an involuntary movement that is rhythmic (ie, regularly recurrent) and oscillatory (ie, rotating around a central plane) and may manifest in a... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Tremor may be defined as an involuntary movement that is rhythmic (ie, regularly recurrent) and oscillatory (ie, rotating around a central plane) and may manifest in a variety of ways; accordingly, tremor has a rich clinical phenomenology. Consequently, the diagnosis of tremor disorders can be challenging, and misdiagnoses are common. The goal of this article is to provide the reader with straightforward approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of tremors.
RECENT FINDINGS
Focused ultrasound thalamotomy of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is an emerging and promising therapy for the treatment of essential tremor.
SUMMARY
The evaluation should start with a detailed tremor history followed by a focused neurologic examination, which should attend to the many subtleties of tremor phenomenology. Among other things, the history and examination are used to establish whether the primary tremor is an action tremor (ie, postural, kinetic, or intention tremor) or a resting tremor. The clinician should then formulate two sets of diagnoses: disorders in which action tremor is the predominant tremor versus those in which resting tremor is the predominant tremor. Among the most common of the former type are essential tremor, enhanced physiologic tremor, drug-induced tremor, dystonic tremor, primary writing tremor, orthostatic tremor, and cerebellar tremor. Parkinson disease is the most common disorder of resting tremor. This article details the clinical features of each of these disorders, as well as those of additional tremor disorders.
Topics: Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Dystonia; Essential Tremor; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Topiramate; Tremor; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei
PubMed: 31356289
DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000748 -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Jan 2023Functional neurological disorders differ from malingering/factitious disorders and are diagnosed based solely on careful history taking and neurological evaluation. Some... (Review)
Review
Functional neurological disorders differ from malingering/factitious disorders and are diagnosed based solely on careful history taking and neurological evaluation. Some clinical characteristics, including distractibility, entrainability, and variability are important to identify the positive physical signs that indicate functional alterations. Thorough investigations are not essential to exclude organic pathologies, whereas electrophysiological and radiological findings are sometimes useful. Neurologists play an important role when they explain the diagnosis to the patient. The explanation itself may be therapeutic, when delivered successfully and may help patients to understand the nature and mechanisms underlying their movement disorder. A multidisciplinary team approach, including coordination between rehabilitation therapists and psychotherapists may produce positive treatment outcomes, particularly in movement disorder centers. In this article, we discuss some functional neurological disorders, including those in patients with functional movement disorders (involuntary movements) together with video presentations.
Topics: Humans; Movement Disorders; Conversion Disorder; Neurologic Examination; Medicine; Dyskinesias
PubMed: 36574973
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202279 -
Neurology India 2018Among the involuntary movement disorders, tremor is a common phenomenology seen in clinical practice. The important factors that need to be determined while assessing a... (Review)
Review
Among the involuntary movement disorders, tremor is a common phenomenology seen in clinical practice. The important factors that need to be determined while assessing a patient with tremor include the phenomenology of tremor, presence or absence of other neurologic signs, and the effect of medications or alcohol. Tremor can broadly be classified based on the circumstances under which it occurs, i.e., rest or action. The basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamic and dentate-olivary circuits are involved in the generation of tremor. Experimental data have suggested the olivocerebellar system as the site of the central oscillator in essential tremor. Generation of tremor in Parkinson's disease results from loss of dopaminergic neurons of the retrorubral area causing dysfunction of the globus pallidus, which finally leads to abnormal firing pattern of the ventrolateral posterior neurons of the thalamus. Involvement of the cerebello-thalamic pathways leads to orthostatic tremor. Palatal tremor is thought to be generated by the cells of the inferior olive. Holmes tremor usually results from the disruption of the dentate-rubro-thalamic circuit and also the nigro-striatal circuit. Multiple drugs can cause tremors. Demyelinating neuropathies are associated with tremors. Involvement of the deep cerebellar nuclei, cerebellar outflow tracts and the cerebrocerebellar loops has been postulated in the cerebellar tremor production. Electrophysiological methods are valuable in characterizing tremors. In addition to the pharmacological therapy including botulinum toxin therapy, surgical therapies in form of DBS or lesional surgeries are beneficial in reducing the symptoms.
Topics: Basal Ganglia; Deep Brain Stimulation; Humans; Movement Disorders; Tremor
PubMed: 29503326
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.226440 -
Experimental Brain Research Jul 2017The Kohnstamm phenomenon refers to the observation that if one pushes the arm hard outwards against a fixed surface for about 30 s, and then moves away from the surface... (Review)
Review
The Kohnstamm phenomenon refers to the observation that if one pushes the arm hard outwards against a fixed surface for about 30 s, and then moves away from the surface and relaxes, an involuntary movement of the arm occurs, accompanied by a feeling of lightness. Central, peripheral and hybrid theories of the Kohnstamm phenomenon have been advanced. Afferent signals may be irrelevant if purely central theories hold. Alternatively, according to peripheral accounts, altered afferent signalling actually drives the involuntary movement. Hybrid theories suggest afferent signals control a centrally-programmed aftercontraction via negative position feedback control or positive force feedback control. The Kohnstamm phenomenon has provided an important scientific method for comparing voluntary with involuntary movement, both with respect to subjective experience, and for investigating whether involuntary movements can be brought under voluntary control. A full review of the literature reveals that a hybrid model best explains the Kohnstamm phenomenon. On this model, a central adaptation interacts with afferent signals at multiple levels of the motor hierarchy. The model assumes that a Kohnstamm generator sends output via the same pathways as voluntary movement, yet the resulting movement feels involuntary due to a lack of an efference copy to cancel against sensory inflow. This organisation suggests the Kohnstamm phenomenon could represent an amplification of neuromotor processes normally involved in automatic postural maintenance. Future work should determine which afferent signals contribute to the Kohnstamm phenomenon, the location of the Kohnstamm generator, and the principle of feedback control operating during the aftercontraction.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Arm; Dyskinesias; History, 19th Century; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Posture
PubMed: 28374088
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4950-3 -
Medicine Jan 2021Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological immune disorder characterized by progressive axial and proximal limb muscle rigidity, stiffness, and painful muscle...
RATIONALE
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological immune disorder characterized by progressive axial and proximal limb muscle rigidity, stiffness, and painful muscle spasms. Amphiphysin antibodies are positive in approximately 5% of SPS patients. To date, there have been no relevant reports on involuntary movement in cases of SPS with amphiphysin antibodies.
PATIENT CONCERNS
We describe the case of a 69-year-old man with a 2-year history of progressive stiffness in the neck, bilateral shoulders, and chest muscles, and a more-than-a-year history of dyspnea accompanied by mandibular involuntary movement. The patient was a vegetarian and had good health in the past. The family's medical history was unremarkable.
DIAGNOSES
He was diagnosed with SPS based on the progressive muscle stiffness, the amphiphysin antibody seropositivity, the continuous motor activity on electromyography, and the effective treatment with benzodiazepines.
INTERVENTIONS
The patient was orally administered clonazepam and baclofen, and corticosteroid IV followed by prednisone orally.
OUTCOMES
In the hospital, after treatment with methylprednisolone, clonazepam, and baclofen, the patient's rigidity, stiffness, and dyspnea significantly improved. The involuntary movement of the mandible persisted throughout the treatment process. Currently, under oral treatment with baclofen and clonazepam, the patient's symptoms of muscle stiffness and dyspnea exist, and follow-up is continued.
LESSONS
We report a rare and novel case of involuntary movement in SPS with amphiphysin antibodies. The present report explores the relationship between SPS and involuntary movement and expands the spectrum of clinical manifestations of SPS.
Topics: Aged; Antibodies; Dyskinesias; Humans; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Stiff-Person Syndrome
PubMed: 33546061
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024312 -
Movement Disorders : Official Journal... Aug 2019A minimal clinically important difference has not been established for the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Valbenazine is a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
A minimal clinically important difference has not been established for the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Valbenazine is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in adults. Efficacy in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials was defined as the change from baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale total score (sum of items 1-7).
OBJECTIVES
To estimate an minimal clinically important difference for the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale using valbenazine trial data and an anchor-based method.
METHODS
Data were pooled from three 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: KINECT (NCT01688037), KINECT 2 (NCT01733121), and KINECT 3 (NCT02274558). Valbenazine doses were pooled for analyses as follows: "low dose," which includes 40 or 50 mg/day; and "high dose," which includes 75 or 80 mg/day. Mean changes from baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale total score were analyzed in all participants (valbenazine- and placebo-treated) with a Clinical Global Impression of Change-Tardive Dyskinesia or Patient Global Impression of Change score of 1 (very much improved) to 3 (minimally improved).
RESULTS
The least squares mean improvement from baseline to week 6 in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale total score was significantly greater with valbenazine (low dose: -2.4; high dose: -3.2; both, P < 0.001) versus placebo (-0.7). An minimal clinically important difference of 2 points was estimated based on least squares mean changes in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale total score in participants with a Clinical Global Impression of Change-Tardive Dyskinesia score ≤3 at week 6 (mean change: -2.2; median change: -2) or Patient Global Impression of Change score ≤3 at week 6 (mean change: -2.0; median change: -2).
CONCLUSIONS
Results from an anchor-based method indicate that a 2-point decrease in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale total score may be considered clinically important. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Topics: Aged; Antipsychotic Agents; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minimal Clinically Important Difference; Mood Disorders; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Tardive Dyskinesia; Tetrabenazine; Treatment Outcome; Valine; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins
PubMed: 31234240
DOI: 10.1002/mds.27769 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine May 2021Movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes in humans and animals characterized by involuntary movements without changes in consciousness. Canine...
Movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes in humans and animals characterized by involuntary movements without changes in consciousness. Canine movement disorders broadly include tremors, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorders, paroxysmal dyskinesia, and dystonia. Of these, canine paroxysmal dyskinesias remain one of the more difficult to identify and characterize in dogs. Canine paroxysmal dyskinesias include an array of movement disorders in which there is a recurrent episode of abnormal, involuntary, movement. In this consensus statement, we recommend standard terminology for describing the various movement disorders with an emphasis on paroxysmal dyskinesia, as well as a preliminary classification and clinical approach to reporting cases. In the clinical approach to movement disorders, we recommend categorizing movements into hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic, paroxysmal vs persistent, exercise-induced vs not related to exercise, using a detailed description of movements using the recommended terminology presented here, differentiating movement disorders vs other differential diagnoses, and then finally, determining whether the paroxysmal dyskinesia is due to either inherited or acquired etiologies. This consensus statement represents a starting point for consistent reporting of clinical descriptions and terminology associated with canine movement disorders, with additional focus on paroxysmal dyskinesia. With consistent reporting and identification of additional genetic mutations responsible for these disorders, our understanding of the phenotype, genotype, and pathophysiology will continue to develop and inform further modification of these recommendations.
Topics: Animals; Chorea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dyskinesias; Mutation; Phenotype
PubMed: 33769611
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16108 -
Journal of Neurology Aug 2008Movement disorder emergencies include any movement disorder which evolves over hours to days, in which failure to appropriately diagnose and manage can result in patient... (Review)
Review
Movement disorder emergencies include any movement disorder which evolves over hours to days, in which failure to appropriately diagnose and manage can result in patient morbidity or mortality. It is crucial that doctors recognize these emergencies with accuracy and speed by obtaining the proper history and by being familiar with the phenomenology of frequently encountered movements. These disorders will be discussed based on the most common associated involuntary movement, either parkinsonism, dystonia, chorea, tics or myoclonus, and, when available, review the workup and treatment options based on the current literature.
Topics: Chorea; Dystonia; Emergencies; Emergency Treatment; Humans; Movement Disorders; Myoclonus; Parkinsonian Disorders; Tics
PubMed: 18821080
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-4002-9