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Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Apr 2006Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most common form of viral encephalitis that appears in the form of frequent epidemics of brain fever throughout Southeast Asia, China... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most common form of viral encephalitis that appears in the form of frequent epidemics of brain fever throughout Southeast Asia, China and India. The disease is caused by a Flavivirus named Japanese encephalitis virus that is spread to humans by mosquitoes. An internationally approved mouse brain-derived inactivated vaccine has been available that is relatively expensive, gives immunity of uncertain duration and is not completely safe. Cell culture-derived inactivated and attenuated JE vaccines are in use in China, but these are not produced as per the norms acceptable in most countries. Several new promising JE vaccine candidates have been developed, some of which are under different stages of clinical evaluation. These new candidate JE vaccines have the potential to generate long-lasting immunity at low cost.
Topics: Animals; Culicidae; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 16597211
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.2.313 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Aug 2018Japanese encephalitis is the most common vaccine-preventable encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific region. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Japanese encephalitis is the most common vaccine-preventable encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific region.
AREAS COVERED
We provide an overview on Japanese encephalitis virus and associated disease, review the results of studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the licensed vaccines, and describe the new vaccines that are under development. We also discuss data on candidate anti-Japanese encephalitis drugs that have shown promising results in experimental models.
EXPERT OPINION
The global burden of the Japanese encephalitis and associated mortality is still high, thus emphasizing the need to achieve the highest vaccination coverage in endemic areas. Clinical trials exhaustively demonstrated the safety and efficacy of current Japanese encephalitis vaccines. In addition, several new vaccine candidates, characterized by high immunogenicity and broad cross-protection, have been developed and evaluated in experimental models, warranting further clinical testing. No licensed anti-Japanese encephalitis drugs are available, notwithstanding intense research efforts. Some candidate antiviral agents that inhibit viral entry and replication have been identified, including compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Further research is needed to refine candidate compounds into drugs suitable for clinical evaluation, characterized by low toxicity, ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, activity during the late phase of infection, and high genetic barrier to resistance.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Asia; Biological Therapy; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
PubMed: 29991325
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1499721 -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2023
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis, Japanese; Vietnam; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Travel; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
PubMed: 36603728
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102536 -
Journal of the Chinese Medical... May 2015Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus infection and an important cause of encephalitis in most of Asia and parts of the western Pacific. Most people... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus infection and an important cause of encephalitis in most of Asia and parts of the western Pacific. Most people infected with the JE virus (JEV) are asymptomatic or seemingly suffer from a nonspecific, flu-like illness; in others, JE can cause illness ranging from fever and headache to severe encephalitis. Although it can cause significant morbidity and mortality, JE is a vaccine-preventable disease, and vaccination programs have proven most effective in preventing and diminishing the burden of disease. Such JE vaccines have been available for decades with four types of JE vaccines-live attenuated SA14-14-2 vaccine, inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (JE-MB), inactivated Vero cell culture vaccine (JE-VC), and live attenuated chimeric vaccine (IMOJEV)-and are currently used in most countries. In some Asian countries such as Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Thailand, immunization programs have been conducted for children and so the ongoing incidence of JE has declined considerably in recent decades. Until quite recently, the primary JE vaccine in use internationally has been the JE-MB, which is now commonly replaced by cell culture-based vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Mice; Vero Cells
PubMed: 25841620
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2014.12.009 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2002
Review
Topics: Animals; Birds; Climate; Culicidae; Disease Outbreaks; Ecosystem; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; History, 20th Century; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Japan; Risk Factors; Swine; Thailand; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 12082986
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_2 -
Uirusu Jun 2003
Review
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; DNA Replication; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Genome, Viral; Global Health; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Mutation; RNA, Viral; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 14556499
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.53.25 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Australia; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
PubMed: 38879821
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52348 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Mar 2023
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis, Japanese; India; Genotype
PubMed: 36943342
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001677 -
Journal of Travel Medicine 2007Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an inflammatory disease in the central nervous system caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JE is a disease with a... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an inflammatory disease in the central nervous system caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JE is a disease with a high fatality rate and endemic and epidemic in East, Southeast, and South Asia. High morbidity is noted in children living in the endemic area. JEV is maintained mainly between vector mosquitoes and pigs in nature. The risk of JE increases as the number of vector mosquitoes increases. The expansion of JEV-endemic area depends on irrigated rice field and pig farming. These environments that are suitable for infectious cycle of JEV exist widely in Asia today. The effective and safe vaccine is available in endemic countries and for international travelers. JE vaccination is strongly recommended to those who visit the JEV-endemic regions, especially in the rainy season.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Asia; Child; Comorbidity; Culicidae; Disease Outbreaks; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Vectors; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Travel; Tropical Climate
PubMed: 17617849
DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00134.x -
The Medical Journal of Australia Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Australia; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Animals
PubMed: 38817085
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52319