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Journal of Medical Microbiology Dec 2022Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection that occurs predominantly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is transmitted by mosquito bites, with the main vector being...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection that occurs predominantly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is transmitted by mosquito bites, with the main vector being and is maintained in enzootic cycles involving pigs, wild birds and mosquitoes. JE is caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic pathogen that also causes disease in mammals such as pigs and horses. In humans, most symptoms are mild or flu-like but can progress to encephalitis. Pigs are considered amplification hosts, and sows may have gestational complications. Horses may exhibit neurological signs. Detection of the virus can be confirmed by serological or molecular laboratory tests. Vaccination offers protection against JEV infection in humans, pigs and horses. Whilst there is no effective treatment of JE, human cases may require hospitalization for supportive therapy, which may include administration of fluids, oxygen and medication to treat symptoms.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Female; Humans; Horses; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Mosquito Vectors; Encephalitis, Japanese; Asia; Birds; Mammals
PubMed: 36748429
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001620 -
Indian Pediatrics Nov 2001
Review
Topics: Animals; Brain; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Vectors; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; India; Prognosis; Serologic Tests; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vaccination; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11721065
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Tropical Paediatrics Sep 1998
Review
Topics: Asia; Encephalitis, Japanese; Flavivirus; Humans; Papua New Guinea; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 9876271
DOI: 10.1080/02724936.1998.11747983 -
Cell Reports Sep 2023Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in children. Although vaccines have been developed against the JE virus (JEV),...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in children. Although vaccines have been developed against the JE virus (JEV), no effective antiviral therapy exists. Our study shows that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), an NAD-dependent (poly-ADP) ribosyl transferase, protects against JEV infection. Interestingly, PARP1 is critical for JEV pathogenesis in Neuro-2a cells and mice. Small molecular inhibitors of PARP1, olaparib, and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) significantly reduce clinical signs and viral load in the serum and brains of mice and improve survival. PARP1 inhibition confers protection against JEV infection by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, upon JEV infection, PARP1 PARylates AKT and negatively affects its phosphorylation. In addition, PARP1 transcriptionally upregulates PTEN, the PIP3 phosphatase, negatively regulating AKT. PARP1-mediated AKT inactivation promotes autophagy and JEV pathogenesis by increasing the FoxO activity. Thus, our findings demonstrate PARP1 as a potential mediator of JEV pathogenesis that can be effectively targeted for treating JE.
Topics: Child; Humans; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Brain; Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
PubMed: 37676769
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113103 -
Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Jun 2005To review past and present patterns of occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in Hong Kong and across Asia. A better understanding of the disease should facilitate the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To review past and present patterns of occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in Hong Kong and across Asia. A better understanding of the disease should facilitate the formulation of an effective strategic plan to prevent a future epidemic.
DATA SOURCES
Report of local cases, and literature search of MEDLINE up to November 2004.
STUDY SELECTION
Literature and data related to Japanese encephalitis.
DATA EXTRACTION
Relevant information and data were reviewed by the authors.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Since 16 July 2004, under the ordinance of Hong Kong, Japanese encephalitis has been a notifiable disease. In the past, Japanese encephalitis has reached epidemic proportions in Japan, South Korea, and some areas in China. It has spread globally and has a worldwide incidence of 35 000 to 50 000 cases per year with 10 000 deaths. Mortality is about 30% and survivors often suffer serious long-term morbidity. In 2004, there were five local cases of Japanese encephalitis in Hong Kong. Subsequent serological surveillance of serum samples from 1547 local inhabitants revealed that 37 were positive, ie 2.4% of local inhabitants had been exposed to the Japanese encephalitis virus in the past. Most local inhabitants are immunologically naive to Japanese encephalitis virus. Most infections in endemic areas are asymptomatic. Patients with symptomatic Japanese encephalitis usually present with fever, headache, and confusion. Other signs include neurosis, poliomyelitis, and convulsion. Investigations including magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and single photon emission computed tomography are not specific. A definitive diagnosis depends on serological studies. Treatment is mainly supportive.
CONCLUSIONS
The control of Japanese encephalitis in Hong Kong relies on an accurate surveillance system, vector control, vector avoidance, and vaccination of the at-risk population. At present, vaccination should be limited to travellers to endemic areas who would stay for longer than 1 month.
Topics: Encephalitis, Japanese; Hong Kong; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 15951583
DOI: No ID Found -
Expert Review of Vaccines Aug 2009
Review
Topics: Asia; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
PubMed: 19627179
DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.69 -
Revue Medicale Suisse May 2007Japanese encephalitis is the primary cause of viral encephalitis in Asia where it is annually responsible for the death of around 20,000 people. The virus is transmitted... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis is the primary cause of viral encephalitis in Asia where it is annually responsible for the death of around 20,000 people. The virus is transmitted by night-biting mosquitoes in wet rural areas. The classical clinical presentation includes fever, paresis, decreased level of consciousness and convulsions. There is no efficient anti-viral treatment available. Avoidance of mosquito bites and vaccination are the only effective measures to prevent the disease. Vaccination is recommended for travellers and expatriates who will stay in rural endemic areas for at least one month during the rainy season. The vaccine is contra-indicated in individuals with a previous history of severe allergic reaction.
Topics: Encephalitis, Japanese; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
PubMed: 17585626
DOI: No ID Found -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2023Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the JEV serocomplex within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It has 5 genotypes, G1-G5,...
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the JEV serocomplex within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It has 5 genotypes, G1-G5, based on the envelope (E) protein nucleotide sequence. JEV G3 circulated in Japan until the early 1990s when it was replaced by G1. JEV G3 was isolated from swine serum samples (sw/Kochi/1/2004) in the Kochi Prefecture, western Japan, in 2004. In addition, the 2018 isolates from pigs and cows (sw/Kochi/492/2018 and bo/Kochi/211/2018) in the same prefecture were identified as G3. The nucleotide sequencing results of the sw/Kochi/492/2018 and bo/Kochi/211/2018 polyprotein region differed from those of the sw/Kochi/1/2004 strain described in our previous report. Seven JEV isolates were identified as G1 in the same geographical area as that in this study. This result indicates that both JEV G1 and G3 are present in the Kochi area.
Topics: Female; Animals; Swine; Cattle; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Japan; Genotype; Swine Diseases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36450570
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.941 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2023Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne neurotropic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) associated with high mortality rate distributed from Eastern... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne neurotropic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) associated with high mortality rate distributed from Eastern and Southern Asia to Northern Queensland (Australia). The challenges in early detection and lack of point-of-care biomarkers make it the most important Flavivirus causing encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for the disease, although vaccines are licenced. In this review, we focussed on point-of-care biomarkers as early detection tools and developing the effective therapeutic agents that could halt JE. We have also provided molecular details of JEV, disease progression, and its pathogenesis with recent findings which might bring insights to overcome the disease burden.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Zoonoses; Asia, Southern
PubMed: 35983697
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2383 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Sep 2015Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious arboviral disease caused by a virus of the genus Flavivirus. Japanese encephalitis is the most common vaccine-preventable virus... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious arboviral disease caused by a virus of the genus Flavivirus. Japanese encephalitis is the most common vaccine-preventable virus causing encephalitis in Asia, affecting more than 50,000 persons and leading to 15,000 fatalities per year in endemic countries. For most travelers to Asia, the risk of Japanese encephalitis infection is extremely low and depends on destination, duration of travel, season, and activities. This article reviews travel-acquired Japanese encephalitis with a focus on epidemiology and prevention in the light of the newly available options for active immunization against Japanese encephalitis which have become available, and of the increasing popularity of travels to Japanese encephalitis endemic countries.
Topics: Asia; Encephalitis, Japanese; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Travel; Vaccination
PubMed: 26409731
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.5108