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Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2023(1) : The external jugular vein (EJV) descends on the sternocleidomastoid muscle to drain deep into the subclavian vein. Anatomical variations of the EJV are relevant... (Review)
Review
(1) : The external jugular vein (EJV) descends on the sternocleidomastoid muscle to drain deep into the subclavian vein. Anatomical variations of the EJV are relevant for identification of the greater auricular nerve, flap design and preparation, or EJV cannulation. (2) : Different publications were comprehensively reviewed. Dissections and three-dimensional volume renderings of peculiar cases were used to sample the review. (3) : Different anatomical possibilities of the EJV were critically reviewed and documented: fenestrations and double fenestrations, true or false duplications, triplication, absence, aberrant origin or course, or bifurcation. Tributaries of the EJV, such as the facial and posterior external jugular veins, are discussed. The internal jugular vein termination of the EJV is also presented. (4) : Care should be taken when different morphological features of the EJV are encountered or reported.
Topics: Humans; Jugular Veins; Subclavian Vein; Face; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 36984623
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030622 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Oct 2021Many anatomical variations of the superficial veins of the head and neck have been reported throughout the literature. Accordingly, anatomists and surgeons must have a... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Many anatomical variations of the superficial veins of the head and neck have been reported throughout the literature. Accordingly, anatomists and surgeons must have a comprehensive understanding of these variations to avoid confusion. Duplication of the external jugular vein (EJV) is occasionally observed during routine cadaveric dissections; however, this variation seems to be reported less often than actual experience suggests. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of its anatomical and clinical implications, an analysis of the available data should be available. Thus, in this article, we reviewed the current available literature for studies reporting duplication of the EJV.
METHODS
We conducted a search using PubMed and Google Scholar with the following keywords: "duplication of the external jugular vein," "division of the external jugular vein," and "fenestration of the external jugular vein," "double external jugular vein," and "doubled external jugular vein." As a case illustration, we also describe a case of a duplicated EJV found during a right neck dissection of a female cadaver.
RESULTS
Twenty sides across sixteen different studies were analyzed including the present case. All studies were published between 2009 and 2020. EJV division patterns were classified as either duplication, fenestration, fenestration followed by duplication, or double fenestrations.
CONCLUSIONS
We have reviewed the literature regarding cases documenting duplication/fenestration of the EJV. As it is often difficult to find recent studies that report on classic anatomical variations, therefore, revisiting older articles and textbooks is necessary for achieving a "comprehensive" review, especially across different languages.
Topics: Cadaver; Communication Barriers; Databases, Factual; Humans; Jugular Veins; Language
PubMed: 33620594
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-021-02717-6 -
BMC Neurology Jun 2019Internal jugular vein stenosis (IJVS), characterized by a series of clinical manifestations, such as head and neck symptoms, visual and ear symptoms, as well as sleep... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Internal jugular vein stenosis (IJVS), characterized by a series of clinical manifestations, such as head and neck symptoms, visual and ear symptoms, as well as sleep disorder, has been receiving attention in recent years. However, its' etiologies are not fully understood.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report a cases series of IJVS induced by styloid oppression. We define it as the stylo-jugular type of Eagle syndrome (ES).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study reveals that external oppression, especially by styloid process, is an important etiology of IJVS. The stylo-jugular ES diagnosis can be identified by Computed tomography venography. Whether stylo-jugular ES can be corrected by styloidectomy requires further investigation.
Topics: Aged; Computed Tomography Angiography; Constriction, Pathologic; Female; Humans; Jugular Veins; Male; Middle Aged; Ossification, Heterotopic; Phlebography; Temporal Bone
PubMed: 31164090
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1344-0 -
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials May 2012Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome recently described in multiple sclerosis patients. It is characterized by abnormal venous hemodynamics... (Review)
Review
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome recently described in multiple sclerosis patients. It is characterized by abnormal venous hemodynamics resulting from numerous obstacles in the main veins draining the central nervous system, usually: the internal jugular veins and the azygous vein. Internal jugular vein is the most commonly vein affected. Most of the abnormalities in this vein are located at the level of jugular valve. The aim of this review is to give venographic and schematic descriptions of the most common valvular and perivalvular anomalies found in the lower part of internal jugular vein.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Jugular Veins; Multiple Sclerosis; Phlebography; Spinal Cord; Venous Insufficiency
PubMed: 22338622
DOI: 10.2174/157488712800100297 -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Jan 2019The internal jugular vein is one of the major vessels of the neck. The anatomy of this vessel is considered to be relatively stable. It is an important landmark for head... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The internal jugular vein is one of the major vessels of the neck. The anatomy of this vessel is considered to be relatively stable. It is an important landmark for head and neck surgeons as well as the anaesthetists for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
METHODS
We present two case reports of the posterior tributary of the internal jugular vein and review the surgical literature regarding anatomical variations of the vein.
FINDINGS
A total of 1197 patients from 27 published papers were included in this review. Of these patients, 99.6% had neck surgery and the rest were cadaveric dissections. Anatomical variations of the internal jugular vein were found in 2% of the patient cohort (n = 40). The majority of these patients had either bifurcation or fenestration of the vein. The posterior tributary of the internal jugular vein is unusual and is scarcely reported in the literature (three cases). Knowledge of variations in the anatomy of the internal jugular vein assists surgeons in avoiding complications during neck surgery and preventing morbidity. Two rare cases of posterior branching of the internal jugular vein and experience of other surgeons are demonstrated in this extensive review.
Topics: Anatomic Landmarks; Humans; Jugular Veins; Neck
PubMed: 30322289
DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2018.0185 -
The Laryngoscope Jul 2016We present three cases of duplicated or fenestrated internal jugular veins in patients undergoing neck dissection, including the first known case of concomitant bovine... (Review)
Review
We present three cases of duplicated or fenestrated internal jugular veins in patients undergoing neck dissection, including the first known case of concomitant bovine aortic arch. The prevalence of this anomaly is 1.0% (three out of 295 patients). Internal jugular vein duplication and fenestration may risk iatrogenic injury to the vasculature and spinal accessory nerve during neck dissection. The existence of this anatomic abnormality should be considered when variation of the internal jugular vein is encountered. The objective of this report is to discuss the presentation, clinical implications, and literature pertaining to internal jugular vein duplication and fenestration. Laryngoscope, 126:1585-1588, 2016.
Topics: Accessory Nerve; Aged; Aorta, Thoracic; Female; Humans; Jugular Veins; Male; Middle Aged; Neck Dissection
PubMed: 26498831
DOI: 10.1002/lary.25743 -
Vascular Jun 2022Aneurysms of the jugular vein system are rare and high clinical suspicion is needed for diagnosis. External jugular vein aneurysms (EJVA) are considered innocent lesions...
INTRODUCTION
Aneurysms of the jugular vein system are rare and high clinical suspicion is needed for diagnosis. External jugular vein aneurysms (EJVA) are considered innocent lesions that need treatment mainly for aesthetic reasons. The aim of this systematic review was to present current literature regarding diagnosis and management of EJVAs.
METHODS
A literature review was conducted through the Pubmed/Medline and Scopus regarding articles referring on EJVA from 2000 to 2020. Using the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), 30 articles were identified, according to inclusion criteria. Demographics, clinical characteristics, etiology, diagnostic imaging, complications, treatment, and histopathological findings were recorded and analyzed.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven case reports and one case series were identified, including 30 patients and 31 EJVAs. One-third of patients (30.3%) were < 18 years old (mean age 32 years, range 1-72 years) and 54% of them were females. In 51% of the cases, the lesion was characterized as a true aneurysm after histological evaluation. The presence of a soft cervical mass was the most common clinical symptom, while Valsalva maneuver pointed out the presence of an EJVA in 66.7% of patients. Diagnosis was achieved using ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Forty-three percent of the patients underwent more than one radiological examination. Twenty patients underwent surgical management. The primary indication of surgical treatment was aesthetic reasons (11/20, 55%). Thrombosis was the most common EJVA complication (11/30, 36.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Differential diagnosis of neck mass should include EJVA. High clinical suspicion and adequate imaging are important for diagnosis. Open surgical approach is the more commonly applied therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aneurysm; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Jugular Veins; Male; Middle Aged; Subclavian Vein; Thrombosis; Valsalva Maneuver; Young Adult
PubMed: 34024203
DOI: 10.1177/17085381211013950 -
The National Medical Journal of India 2020
Topics: Humans; Jugular Veins
PubMed: 33904426
DOI: 10.4103/0970-258X.314012 -
Vascular 2008Jugular vein aneurysm is a rare morphologic entity. This report describes a case of an asymptomatic internal jugular vein aneurysm that presented as an enlarging mass in...
Jugular vein aneurysm is a rare morphologic entity. This report describes a case of an asymptomatic internal jugular vein aneurysm that presented as an enlarging mass in the neck. Diagnosis was established with duplex ultrasonography and venography. No thrombus was diagnosed in the aneurysm, but since the patient was uncomfortable with having a tumor in his neck, surgery was performed with resection of the aneurysm and lateral venorrhaphy of the jugular vein.
Topics: Aneurysm; Humans; Jugular Veins; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex
PubMed: 19238873
DOI: 10.2310/6670.2008.00022 -
Surgery Today Jun 2014An 81-year-old male presented with a soft mass on his neck noted in the supine position. After undergoing an operation for an inguinal hernia, the mass was noted to... (Review)
Review
An 81-year-old male presented with a soft mass on his neck noted in the supine position. After undergoing an operation for an inguinal hernia, the mass was noted to persist regardless of the patient's position. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed phlebectasia of the external jugular vein with an associated thrombosis. Under general anesthesia, the external jugular vein was ligated and removed, along with the thrombus. A histological section revealed that the tunica media of the external jugular vein was absent, and the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers were attenuated in the fusiform area of the vein. Due to the risk of propagation of the clot and pulmonary embolism, resection of the external jugular vein is advised in cases of phlebectasia of the external jugular vein.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Jugular Veins; Ligation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Thrombectomy; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Tunica Media; Venous Thromboembolism
PubMed: 23589057
DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0588-3