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The Journal of the Acoustical Society... Apr 2017If an auditory scene consists of many spatially separated sound sources, how many sound sources can be processed by the auditory system? Experiment I determined how many...
If an auditory scene consists of many spatially separated sound sources, how many sound sources can be processed by the auditory system? Experiment I determined how many speech sources could be localized simultaneously on the azimuth plane. Different words were played from multiple loudspeakers, and listeners reported the total number of sound sources and their individual locations. In experiment II the accuracy of localizing one speech source in a mixture of multiple speech sources was determined. An extra sound source was added to an existing set of sound sources, and the task was to localize that extra source. In experiment III the setup and task were the same as in experiment I, except that the sounds were tones. The results showed that the maximum number of sound sources that listeners could perceive was limited to approximately four spatially separated speech signals and three for tonal signals. The localization errors increased along with the increase of total number of sound sources. When four or more speech sources already existed, the accuracy in localizing an additional source was near chance.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Audiometry, Speech; Auditory Threshold; Environment; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Male; Noise; Perceptual Masking; Signal Detection, Psychological; Sound Localization; Speech Perception
PubMed: 28464690
DOI: 10.1121/1.4981118 -
Computational Intelligence and... 2022Neuroimaging researchers increasingly take advantage of the known functional properties of brain regions to localize motor regions in the brain and investigate changes...
Neuroimaging researchers increasingly take advantage of the known functional properties of brain regions to localize motor regions in the brain and investigate changes in their activity under various conditions. Using this noninvasive functional MRI (fMRI) method makes it possible to identify and localize brain activation. There are many localizers that can be used to identify brain areas, namely, motor areas such as functional localizer, anatomical localizer, or Atlas mask. Eighteen right-handed participants were recruited for this research to test the reliability of five localizers for primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex (PMC), motor cerebellum, and motor thalamus. Motor execution task, namely, hand clenching was used to activate M1, SMA, and motor cerebellum. A combined action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) task was used to functionally activate PMC. Finally, a mask based on Talairach coordinates Atlas was created and used to identify the motor thalamus. Our results show that all localizers were successfully activated in the desired regions of interest. Motor execution successfully activated M1, SMA, and motor cerebellum. A novel localizer based on AOMI was successfully activated in PMC, and the motor thalamus mask obtained from the thalamus mask was successfully implemented on each participant. In conclusion, all five localizers tested in this research were reliable and can be used for rt-fMRI neurofeedback research to define the regions of interest.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motor Cortex; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35669664
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7589493 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology Jun 2021Resecting non-palpable soft tissue tumors presents a unique challenge, particularly with recurrent disease in which surrounding tissue has been surgically manipulated... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Resecting non-palpable soft tissue tumors presents a unique challenge, particularly with recurrent disease in which surrounding tissue has been surgically manipulated and often irradiated. SAVI SCOUT is a radar-based localization device that was developed for breast tumor localization and was recently FDA-approved for localization of soft tissue tumors. Application of this technology to soft tissue sarcoma has not been previously reported.
METHODS
We assembled a single-institution retrospective case series of patients with trunk and extremity sarcomas resected by five sarcoma surgeons using SAVI SCOUT from December 2018 to May 2020. Reflectors were placed preoperatively using image-guidance, and the radar detector was used intraoperatively to localize the target lesion. Clinical variables were abstracted from the electronic medical record including treatment history, pathology, and early oncologic outcomes. Using a focused review, we compared margin status and recurrence rates with previously published cohorts.
RESULTS
Ten SAVI SCOUT-localized sarcoma resections were performed. Eight were for locally recurrent disease, of which seven (83%) had prior radiation. The remaining lesions became non-palpable after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. SAVI SCOUT facilitated resection in all cases with a margin-negative resection rate (77%) comparable to prior cohorts. In this high-risk population with a median follow-up of 14 months, only one patient recurred locally 7.5 months after SAVI SCOUT-localized resection, requiring re-resection.
CONCLUSION
SAVI SCOUT technology facilitated resection of non-palpable recurrent sarcoma of the trunk and extremities in all ten cases attempted. In a high-risk patient population, the pattern of recurrence has been primarily distant with one instance of local tumor recurrence.
Topics: Extremities; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Radar; Retrospective Studies; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 33073344
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09229-4 -
Current Opinion in Urology May 2014Focal therapy for localised prostate cancer requires accurate disease localization and characterization. Standard trans-rectal ultrasound biopsy can miss significant... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Focal therapy for localised prostate cancer requires accurate disease localization and characterization. Standard trans-rectal ultrasound biopsy can miss significant cancer and cannot accurately localize prostate cancer to guide focal therapy. This article examines various biopsy and imaging strategies to determine which is the most useful in diagnosing prostate cancer suitable for treatment with focal therapy.
RECENT FINDINGS
Advances in MRI and ultrasound have been combined with different biopsy techniques such as transperineal and targeted biopsy versus transrectal and whole-gland sampling to see which method detects and localizes cancer while reducing the burden of biopsy on patients.
SUMMARY
Studies tended to report on overall cancer detection rates as opposed to clinically significant cancer detection rates. A standard definition of clinically significant cancer must first be defined and validated against an accurate sampling strategy such as radical prostatectomy or transperineal prostate mapping biopsy. Image-guided targeted biopsy has increased detection rates of clinically significant cancer rate with fewer number of cores compared with whole-gland sampling. Further prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to identify a combined image and biopsy technique that detects and localizes the highest rate of clinically significant cancer while decreasing the risk to patients, in order to guide focal therapy.
Topics: Ablation Techniques; Humans; Image-Guided Biopsy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Grading; Organ Sparing Treatments; Patient Selection; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 24670871
DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000046 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Nov 1999Vegetally localized transcripts have been implicated in a number of important biological functions, including cell fate determination and embryonic patterning. We have...
Vegetally localized transcripts have been implicated in a number of important biological functions, including cell fate determination and embryonic patterning. We have isolated a cDNA, fatvg, which encodes a localized maternal transcript that exhibits a localization pattern reminiscent of Vg1 mRNA. fatvg is the homologue of a mammalian gene expressed in adipose tissues. The fatvg transcript, unlike Vg1 which localizes strictly through the Late pathway, also associates with the mitochondrial cloud that is characteristic of the METRO or Early pathway. This suggests that fatvg mRNA may utilize both the METRO and Late pathways to localize to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis. We have dissected the cis-acting localization elements of fatvg mRNA and compared these elements with Vg1 mRNA. Our results indicate that, like most localized RNAs, in a variety of systems, transcripts of fatvg contain localization elements in the 3'UTR. The 3'UTR of fatvg mRNA contains multiple elements that are able to function independently; however, it functions most efficiently when all of the elements are present. We have defined a short 25-nucleotide element that can direct vegetal localization as a single copy. This element differs in sequence from previously described Vg1 localization elements, suggesting that different localization elements are involved in the localization of RNAs through the Late pathway.
Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Cell Polarity; Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Oocytes; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Xenopus Proteins; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 10529413
DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.22.4943 -
The Journal of Chemical Physics May 2013Orbital localization of occupied and virtual Hartree-Fock orbitals generated from basis sets augmented with diffuse functions is performed using the Pipek-Mezey, Boys,...
Orbital localization of occupied and virtual Hartree-Fock orbitals generated from basis sets augmented with diffuse functions is performed using the Pipek-Mezey, Boys, powers of the second central moment, and powers of the fourth central moment localizations. The locality of the obtained orbital sets are presented in terms of second and fourth moment orbital spreads. The results show that both local occupied and virtual orbitals may be obtained when using powers of the second central moment and powers of the fourth central moment localizations, while the Pipek-Mezey and Boys localizations fail to produce sets of local virtual orbitals. The locality of the fourth central moment virtual orbitals exhibits a locality similar to the locality of a Boys localization for non-augmented basis sets.
PubMed: 23742451
DOI: 10.1063/1.4803456 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 2014Hydatid cysts cause diseases most frequently by localizing in the liver and the lungs. Hydatid cysts with retroperitoneal localization are very rare. A 45-year-old...
Hydatid cysts cause diseases most frequently by localizing in the liver and the lungs. Hydatid cysts with retroperitoneal localization are very rare. A 45-year-old female patient presented to our hospital with complaints of back pain, weight loss, and fatigue. The computerized tomography (CT) revealed that the patient had a septated cystic lesion of about 8x7x6 cm localized in the posterior of the left kidney, in the paravertebral site causing destruction of the neighboring costa. During laparotomy, the wall of the cyst with retroperitoneal localization was partially excised and the remaining cavity was drained. The drain was removed on post-op day 5. The histopathological diagnosis was reported to be a hydatid cyst. No problems were seen during the follow-ups of the patient who was administered post-op albendazole. Hydatid cysts are an endemic disease in our country and it should be kept in mind that they also have atypical localizations.
Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus granulosus; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Retroperitoneal Space; Turkey
PubMed: 24659707
DOI: 10.5152/tpd..2014.2897 -
Planta Sep 2007Phytochromes are light responsive photoreceptors in plants that influence development and differentiation during the entire plant life cycle. Plant nucleoside...
Phytochromes are light responsive photoreceptors in plants that influence development and differentiation during the entire plant life cycle. Plant nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) has been reported to be a component of the light-mediated signalling cascade and to interact physically with phytochrome A in the cytosol. By using diverse methods as in vitro imports, in vivo localisation of GFP-fusion proteins and immuno blotting of plant cell fractions we clearly localise NDPK2 only to chloroplasts but not to the cytosol, demonstrating that although high affinity protein-protein interactions can occur in vitro, their physiological relevance can be artificial if the proteins are localised to different cell compartments in vivo.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Chloroplasts; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase
PubMed: 17562072
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0549-4 -
Ideggyogyaszati Szemle Sep 2011For localizing the epileptogenic zone in cases of focal epilepsies detailed clinical investigations, imaging studies and electrophysiological methods are in use. In... (Review)
Review
For localizing the epileptogenic zone in cases of focal epilepsies detailed clinical investigations, imaging studies and electrophysiological methods are in use. In lesional epilepsies the intrapreoperative localization of the lesion and it's location to the eloquent cortex is essential for the neurosurgeon. The development in image guided neurosurgery lead us to use neuronavigation systems to localize intracerebral lesions or functionally eloquent cortical areas or subcortical pathways during surgery. Neuronavigation brought changes in preoperative evaluation and in resective surgery in epilepsy as well. In this article we describe the basics of neuronavigation and enhance the advantages of the technique in epilepsy surgery during the presurgical evaluation with invasive electrodes, in resective surgery and DBS for epilepsy.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neuronavigation; Neurosurgical Procedures
PubMed: 22059371
DOI: No ID Found -
The EMBO Journal Oct 2007Myxococcus xanthus cells harbor two motility machineries, type IV pili (Tfp) and the A-engine. During reversals, the two machineries switch polarity synchronously. We...
Myxococcus xanthus cells harbor two motility machineries, type IV pili (Tfp) and the A-engine. During reversals, the two machineries switch polarity synchronously. We present a mechanism that synchronizes this polarity switching. We identify the required for motility response regulator (RomR) as essential for A-motility. RomR localizes in a bipolar, asymmetric pattern with a large cluster at the lagging cell pole. The large RomR cluster relocates to the new lagging pole in parallel with cell reversals. Dynamic RomR localization is essential for cell reversals, suggesting that RomR relocalization induces the polarity switching of the A-engine. The analysis of RomR mutants shows that the output domain targets RomR to the poles and the receiver domain is essential for dynamic localization. The small GTPase MglA establishes correct RomR polarity, and the Frz two-component system regulates dynamic RomR localization. FrzS localizes with Tfp at the leading pole and relocates in an Frz-dependent manner to the opposite pole during reversals; FrzS and RomR localize and oscillate independently. The Frz system synchronizes these oscillations and thus the synchronous polarity switching of the motility machineries.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; GTP Phosphohydrolases; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Models, Biological; Models, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Movement; Mutation; Myxococcus xanthus; Oscillometry; Phenotype; Phosphorylation; Plasmids; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
PubMed: 17932488
DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601877