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FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Jun 2003Eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis is a major mycological health problem in endemic areas. We infected BALB/c mice (male or female) with various amounts of M....
Eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis is a major mycological health problem in endemic areas. We infected BALB/c mice (male or female) with various amounts of M. mycetomatis mycelium, containing sterilized soil as a natural adjuvant or Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Mice differed with respect to age and immune status. Intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous inoculation was explored and survival was monitored. Mice were killed at various intervals after inoculation, checked for the presence of the characteristic black grains, and organs were cultured for M. mycetomatis. Infected organs were subjected to histopathological examination. Immunocompetent male mice were as susceptible as immunocompromised female mice, but showed higher mortality rates. In conclusion, a reproducible mouse model of intraperitoneal M. mycetomatis infection with characteristic black grains in immunocompetent adult or young female mice was developed. Although this experimental model does not simulate macroscopic features of the subcutaneous M. mycetomatis infection in humans, the histopathological characteristics of the lesions and the development of black grains are clearly representative for the human infection. This model will enable further studies on the pathogenesis as well as prevention and treatment of the fungal infection.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Immunocompetence; Madurella; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycetoma; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
PubMed: 12770757
DOI: 10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00096-8 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Mycetoma; Antifungal Agents; Madurella; Neglected Diseases
PubMed: 36580447
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010945 -
Gaceta Medica de Mexico 2017The eumycetoma is a severely debilitating chronic progressive fungal cutaneous infection. Classic clinical triad is characterized by painless subcutaneous mass, sinus... (Review)
Review
The eumycetoma is a severely debilitating chronic progressive fungal cutaneous infection. Classic clinical triad is characterized by painless subcutaneous mass, sinus tracts formation and sero-purulent discharge that contain aggregates of fungal hyphae called grains. Any part of the body can have affected, with extension to muscular or bone, even visceral compromised. The eumycetoma is observed in tropical and subtropical countries; In Latin-America, is reported with less frequency. In endemic areas, antibody presence again etiological agents were higher compared with number of people affected, thus it is supposed that individual genetic susceptibility most by exist. Recently, it was reported specific polymorphism in genes CR1, IL-8, NOS2 and chitriosidase, which were associated with development of eumycetoma. The diagnosis is suggested by clinical presentation; the histopathology and microbiology studies, plus radiologic valuation confirmed diagnosis. Madurella mycetomatis is the most informed etiological agent. Using phylogenetic tools new species in genus Madurella were reported; moreover, Trematosphaeria grisea and Pseudallescheria boydii were reclassified. Etiological agent Identification is important, because differences in antifungal susceptibility exist. Eumycetoma treatment includes surgery plus antifungal drugs. Identification of etiological agents is primordial, because antifungal resistance could exist. To development new pharmacological strategies, comprehension of grain formation physiology and drugs effects are necessary.
Topics: Ascomycota; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Madurella; Mycetoma; Phylogeny
PubMed: 29414948
DOI: 10.24875/GMM.17002917 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Apr 2020Mycetoma is a neglected chronic and granulomatous infection primarily associated with the fungal pathogen Madurella mycetomatis. Characteristic of this infection is the...
Mycetoma is a neglected chronic and granulomatous infection primarily associated with the fungal pathogen Madurella mycetomatis. Characteristic of this infection is the formation of grains. However, the processes leading to grain formation are not known. In this study, we employed a proteomic approach to characterise M. mycetomatis grain formation in Galleria mellonella larvae and map the processes leading to grain formation over time. For this, at 1 day, 3 days and 7 days post-inoculation, proteins from grains and hemolymph were extracted and analysed by label-free mass spectrometry. A total of 87, 51 and 48 M. mycetomatis proteins and 713, 997, 18 G. mellonella proteins were found in grains on day 1, 3 and 7 post-inoculation respectively. M. mycetomatis proteins were mainly involved in cellular metabolic processes and numerous enzymes were encountered. G. mellonella proteins were primarily involved in the nodulation process. The proteins identified were linked to nodulation and grain formation and four steps of grain formation were identified. The results of this proteomic approach could in the future be used to design novel strategies to interfere with mycetoma grain formation and to combat this difficult to treat infection.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Larva; Madurella; Moths; Mycetoma; Proteomics
PubMed: 32267851
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008190 -
The British Journal of Dermatology May 2005
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Foot Dermatoses; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mycetoma; Pyrimidines; Triazoles; Voriconazole
PubMed: 15888176
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06534.x -
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Mar 2019Mycetoma caused by either filamentous fungi (eumycotic) or bacteria (actinomycotic) has recently been recognized by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical... (Review)
Review
Mycetoma caused by either filamentous fungi (eumycotic) or bacteria (actinomycotic) has recently been recognized by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease. Although mycetoma is preventable and treatable, especially in the early stages, it carries high morbidity and a huge socioeconomic burden. Skin and subcutaneous tissue is affected, with a classic presentation of hard woody swellings, discharging sinuses and presence of grains (containing the causative organism). Variants with swelling without sinuses have also been described. Left untreated it may involve underlying bone and muscle, leading to permanent disability. Common actinomycotic species include Streptomyces somaliensis, Actinomadura madurae, Actinomadura pelletieri, Nocardia brasiliensis and Nocardia asteroides, while Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella grisea, Pseudoallescheria boydii and Leptosphaeria senegalensis are common eumycotic agents. Men are more commonly affected than women, and the leg is the most frequently affected site. Diagnosis in suspected lesions is made with the help of grain examination, microscopy, imaging (radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging) and culture, and more recently by molecular methods such as PCR and molecular sequencing. Molecular sequencing for both fungi and bacteria is important for rapid and correct diagnosis, especially in culture-negative cases. Treatment is long, more successful in actinomycetoma than eumycetoma, and may require a holistic approach comprising antimicrobials, surgery and rehabilitation. Mycetoma can be prevented by simple measures such as wearing protective garments and shoes, especially in rural areas and during outdoor activities.
Topics: Actinomyces; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Humans; Mycetoma; Skin
PubMed: 29808607
DOI: 10.1111/ced.13642 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2016Eumycetoma is a progressive and destructive chronic granulomatous subcutaneous inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi, the most common being Madurella mycetomatis....
Eumycetoma is a progressive and destructive chronic granulomatous subcutaneous inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi, the most common being Madurella mycetomatis. The host defence mechanisms against fungi usually range from an early non-specific immune response to activation and induction of specific adaptive immune responses by the production of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines in patients infected with Madurella mycetomatis, and the association between their levels and disease prognosis. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan, where 70 patients with confirmed M. mycetomatis eumycetoma were enrolled; 35 with, and 35 without surgical excision. 70 healthy individuals from mycetoma endemic areas were selected as controls. The levels of serum cytokines were determined by cytometric bead array technique. Significantly higher levels of the Th-1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-2) were recorded in patients treated with surgical excision, compared to those treated without surgical excision. In contrast, the Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10) were significantly lower in patients treated with surgical excision compared to those treated without surgical excision. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that cell-mediated immunity can have a role to play in the pathogenesis of eumycetoma.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-2; Madurella; Male; Middle Aged; Mycetoma; Sudan; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult
PubMed: 27434108
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004862 -
Molecular Biotechnology Jan 2021
Correction to: Optimisation of the Production and Bleaching Process for a New Laccase from Madurella mycetomatis, Expressed in Pichia pastoris: from Secretion to Yielding Prominent.
PubMed: 33180259
DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00284-6 -
Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 2018Mycetoma is a distinct body tissue destructive and neglected tropical disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. Mycetoma is caused by bacterial...
BACKGROUND
Mycetoma is a distinct body tissue destructive and neglected tropical disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. Mycetoma is caused by bacterial infections () such as and Nocardiae or true fungi () such as . To date, treatments fail to cure the infection and the available marketed drugs are expensive and toxic upon prolonged usage. Moreover, no vaccine was prepared yet against mycetoma.
AIM
The aim of this study is to predict effective epitope-based vaccine against fructose-bisphosphate aldolase enzymes of using immunoinformatics approaches.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase of was retrieved from NCBI. Different prediction tools were used to analyze the nominee's epitopes in Immune Epitope Database for B-cell, T-cell MHC class II and class I. Then the proposed peptides were docked using Autodock 4.0 software program.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The proposed and promising peptides KYLQ show a potent binding affinity to B-cell, FEYARKHAF with a very strong binding affinity to MHC I alleles and FFKEHGVPL that shows a very strong binding affinity to MHC II and MHC I alleles. This indicates a strong potential to formulate a new vaccine, especially with the peptide FFKEHGVPL which is likely to be the first proposed epitope-based vaccine against fructose-bisphosphate aldolase of . This study recommends an in vivo assessment for the most promising peptides especially FFKEHGVPL.
PubMed: 30542244
DOI: 10.1177/1177932218809703 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jun 2021Mycetoma is a devastating neglected tropical infection of the subcutaneous tissue and most commonly caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. Treatment of mycetoma...
Mycetoma is a devastating neglected tropical infection of the subcutaneous tissue and most commonly caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. Treatment of mycetoma consists of a combination of a long term antifungal treatment with itraconazole and surgery. However, treatment is associated with low success rates. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel treatments for mycetoma. CIN-102 is a synthetic partial copy of cinnamon oils with activity against many pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In this study we determined the in vitro activity of CIN-102 against 21 M. mycetomatis isolates and its in vivo efficacy in a M. mycetomatis infected Galleria mellonella larval model. In vitro, CIN-102 was active against M. mycetomatis with MICs ranging from 32 μg/mL to 512 μg/mL. 128 μg/mL was needed to inhibit the growth in 50% of tested isolates. In vivo, concentrations below the MIC of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg CIN-102 prolonged larval survival, but higher concentrations of CIN-102 did not.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Benzoates; Cinnamates; Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Humans; Larva; Madurella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moths; Mycetoma; Terpenes
PubMed: 34106933
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009488