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Magnesium Research Sep 2005MgSO4 is routinely used in therapeutics despite its toxicity. The aim of the present review was to compare MgSO4 and MgCl2 effects in order to answer the question... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
MgSO4 is routinely used in therapeutics despite its toxicity. The aim of the present review was to compare MgSO4 and MgCl2 effects in order to answer the question whether MgSO4 could be or not replaced by MgCl2. Considering that the two salts have both similar and proper effects, a clear-cut conclusion is not easy to draw. However, choosing MgCl2 seems advisable because of its more interesting clinical and pharmacological effects and its lower tissue toxicity as compared to MgSO4.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Sulfate; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy
PubMed: 16259379
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2017Current treatment options for depression are limited by efficacy, cost, availability, side effects, and acceptability to patients. Several studies have looked at the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Current treatment options for depression are limited by efficacy, cost, availability, side effects, and acceptability to patients. Several studies have looked at the association between magnesium and depression, yet its role in symptom management is unclear. The objective of this trial was to test whether supplementation with over-the-counter magnesium chloride improves symptoms of depression. An open-label, blocked, randomized, cross-over trial was carried out in outpatient primary care clinics on 126 adults (mean age 52; 38% male) diagnosed with and currently experiencing mild-to-moderate symptoms with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores of 5-19. The intervention was 6 weeks of active treatment (248 mg of elemental magnesium per day) compared to 6 weeks of control (no treatment). Assessments of depression symptoms were completed at bi-weekly phone calls. The primary outcome was the net difference in the change in depression symptoms from baseline to the end of each treatment period. Secondary outcomes included changes in anxiety symptoms as well as adherence to the supplement regimen, appearance of adverse effects, and intention to use magnesium supplements in the future. Between June 2015 and May 2016, 112 participants provided analyzable data. Consumption of magnesium chloride for 6 weeks resulted in a clinically significant net improvement in PHQ-9 scores of -6.0 points (CI -7.9, -4.2; P<0.001) and net improvement in Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 scores of -4.5 points (CI -6.6, -2.4; P<0.001). Average adherence was 83% by pill count. The supplements were well tolerated and 61% of participants reported they would use magnesium in the future. Similar effects were observed regardless of age, gender, baseline severity of depression, baseline magnesium level, or use of antidepressant treatments. Effects were observed within two weeks. Magnesium is effective for mild-to-moderate depression in adults. It works quickly and is well tolerated without the need for close monitoring for toxicity.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Cross-Over Studies; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Male; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28654669
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180067 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2002Considerable time and effort can be saved by simultaneously amplifying multiple sequences in a single reaction, a process referred to as multiplex polymerase chain... (Review)
Review
Considerable time and effort can be saved by simultaneously amplifying multiple sequences in a single reaction, a process referred to as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiplex PCR requires that primers lead to amplification of unique regions of DNA, both in individual pairs and in combinations of many primers, under a single set of reaction conditions. In addition, methods must be available for the analysis of each individual amplification product from the mixture of all the products. Multiplex PCR is becoming a rapid and convenient screening assay in both the clinical and the research laboratory. The development of an efficient multiplex PCR usually requires strategic planning and multiple attempts to optimize reaction conditions. For a successful multiplex PCR assay, the relative concentration of the primers, concentration of the PCR buffer, balance between the magnesium chloride and deoxynucleotide concentrations, cycling temperatures, and amount of template DNA and Taq DNA polymerase are important. An optimal combination of annealing temperature and buffer concentration is essential in multiplex PCR to obtain highly specific amplification products. Magnesium chloride concentration needs only to be proportional to the amount of dNTP, while adjusting primer concentration for each target sequence is also essential. The list of various factors that can influence the reaction is by no means complete. Optimization of the parameters discussed in the present review should provide a practical approach toward resolving the common problems encountered in multiplex PCR (such as spurious amplification products, uneven or no amplification of some target sequences, and difficulties in reproducing some results). Thorough evaluation and validation of new multiplex PCR procedures is essential. The sensitivity and specificity must be thoroughly evaluated using standardized purified nucleic acids. Where available, full use should be made of external and internal quality controls, which must be rigorously applied. As the number of microbial agents detectable by PCR increases, it will become highly desirable for practical purposes to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple agents that cause similar or identical clinical syndromes and/or share similar epidemiological features.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 11835531
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.2058 -
BioTechniques Sep 1997By simultaneously amplifying more than one locus in the same reaction, multiplex PCR is becoming a rapid and convenient screening assay in both the clinical and the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
By simultaneously amplifying more than one locus in the same reaction, multiplex PCR is becoming a rapid and convenient screening assay in both the clinical and the research laboratory. While numerous papers and manuals discuss in detail conditions influencing the quality of PCR in general, relatively little has been published about the important experimental factors and the common difficulties frequently encountered with multiplex PCR. We have examined various conditions of the multiplex PCR, using a large number of primer pairs. Especially important for a successful multiplex PCR assay are the relative concentrations of the primers at the various loci, the concentration of the PCR buffer, the cycling temperatures and the balance between the magnesium chloride and deoxynucleotide concentrations. Based on our experience, we propose a protocol for developing a multiplex PCR assay and suggest ways to overcome commonly encountered problems.
Topics: Buffers; DNA Primers; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Glycerol; Indicators and Reagents; Magnesium Chloride; Nucleotides; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Solutions; Taq Polymerase; Temperature; Templates, Genetic; Time Factors
PubMed: 9298224
DOI: 10.2144/97233rr01 -
Zoo Biology 2023Magnesium chloride in high concentration is used for euthanasia of jellyfish to limit overpopulation and for predatory species consumption, but its use could lead to...
Magnesium chloride in high concentration is used for euthanasia of jellyfish to limit overpopulation and for predatory species consumption, but its use could lead to magnesium bioaccumulation and subsequent negative effects in consumers. Two species of scyphozoan jellyfish (Cassiopea andromeda and Aurelia aurita) were subjected to freezing (control), or magnesium chloride baths (144 g/L), with subsequent 30 min baths (one or two) in fresh artificial saltwater and submitted for inductively coupled plasma analysis to determine tissue concentration. Frozen jellyfish consistently yielded the lowest magnesium concentrations, while magnesium chloride euthanized individuals contained the highest concentrations in both species. C. andromeda displayed a significantly higher (p < .05) magnesium absorption capacity than A. aurita in both trials. Single and double baths significantly decreased magnesium concentrations (p < .05) in both species, however, magnesium remained consistently elevated compared to frozen specimens. This study demonstrated species-specific magnesium accumulation in jellyfish posteuthanasia and that rinsing was an effective method to limit excessive magnesium that could be deleterious to animals in public display aquaria. Magnesium concentrations of tissue and receiving water should be tested if magnesium chloride euthanasia is utilized for dietary supplementation in small bodies of water.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Scyphozoa; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Euthanasia, Animal; Animals, Zoo; Water
PubMed: 37101420
DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21770 -
Journal of the American Association For... Sep 2021Cephalopods are important in biologic and biomedical research, yet relatively little objective information is available to guide researchers and veterinarians regarding...
Cephalopods are important in biologic and biomedical research, yet relatively little objective information is available to guide researchers and veterinarians regarding the best methods for anesthetizing these animals for various experimental procedures. Recent studies demonstrate that ethyl alcohol and magnesium chloride are effective at depressing efferent and afferent neural signals in some tropical cephalopod species when measured via the pallial nerve. Here we used similar methods to test 2 temperate species ( and ) and demonstrate that (1) ethyl alcohol and magnesium chloride were effective at reversibly depressing evoked activity in the pallial nerve, (2) ethyl alcohol generally had shorter induction and recovery times compared with magnesium chloride, (3) both agents were associated with a latency between the behavioral and neural effects, and it was longer with magnesium chloride, and (4) senescent animals generally had longer induction or recovery times than young animals. Both agents successfully anesthetized both life stages; however, our data show that assessing anesthesia based solely on behavior may lead to premature commencement of invasive procedures. We conclude that temperate cephalopods can be humanely, effectively, and completely anesthetized by using these 2 agents and that the loss of neural signal we show here is consistent with true anesthesia and not merely paralysis. This relatively simple, nondestructive nerve recording technique can be applied to the study of other prospective anesthetic agents in cephalopods.
Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Decapodiformes; Ethanol; Magnesium Chloride; Octopodiformes; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 34233805
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000076 -
Behavioural Brain Research Sep 2021Evidence suggest that magnesium dietary supplementation has several health benefits including lowering blood pressure, reducing insulin resistance, and improving...
Evidence suggest that magnesium dietary supplementation has several health benefits including lowering blood pressure, reducing insulin resistance, and improving symptoms of depression, anxiety, and migraine. Here, we aimed to study the effect of chronic magnesium supplementation on anxiety-like behavior in rats by supplementing with magnesium their drinking water for 30 days. Anxiety-like behavior was induced by subcutaneous injection of veratrin 30 min before performing elevated plus maze and open field tests to measure anxiety levels and locomotion, respectively. We quantify the concentration of magnesium in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. We used diazepam to compare the efficacy of magnesium supplementation as an anxiolytic agent. Our results show that rats supplemented with magnesium had a statistically significant decrease in anxiety levels with not effects on locomotion and a statistically significant increase in concentration of magnesium in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. However, the anxiolytic effect of magnesium supplementation washes-out in 12 days. We discuss the advantages of using supplemental magnesium as anxiolytic.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Diazepam; Disease Models, Animal; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 34252502
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113460 -
Magnesium Research Oct 1996
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Mollusca
PubMed: 9140866
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that...
Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human adenovirus (HAdV) in immortalized and primary cells. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed a conformational change of heparin when complexed with magnesium. To broadly explore this discovery, we tested the antiviral function of modified heparin against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and found that the replication of HSV-1 was even further decreased compared to aciclovir. Moreover, we investigated the antiviral effect against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and measured a 55-fold decreased viral load in the supernatant of infected cells associated with a 38-fold decrease in virus growth. The advantage of our modified heparin is an increased antiviral effect compared to regular heparin.
Topics: Acyclovir; Adenoviruses, Human; Animals; Antiviral Agents; CHO Cells; Cell Line, Tumor; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cricetulus; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fibroblasts; Heparin; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Magnesium Chloride; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Primary Cell Culture; SARS-CoV-2; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vero Cells; Viral Load; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34576237
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810075 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2022As a new starch gelatinization method, salt induced gelatinization can not only reduce energy consumption but also impart special physicochemical properties to starch...
As a new starch gelatinization method, salt induced gelatinization can not only reduce energy consumption but also impart special physicochemical properties to starch gel. In this study, the process and mechanism of MgCl induced starch gelatinization were explored. The results showed that, potato starch could be gelatinized after a treatment of 4 mol/L MgCl for 3 h. The gelatinization started with the slight damage of outer shells, then the internal molecules leached out through the cracks or holes to form gel, finally the outer shells disintegrated. During the gelatinization process, the viscosity and granule size gradually increased after 0.5 h, while the original crystallinity disappeared rapidly in 0.5 h. Besides, MgCl significantly increased the electrostatic interaction, then made starch molecules closer to each other and become denser, which may have close relationship with the appearance of the cracks and the disappearance of crystallization. Moreover, MgCl enhanced the hydration and increased the binding free energy of starch molecules, then promoted starch gelatinization and accelerated the destruction of starch structure, which may be the critical factors of the starch gelatinization induced by MgCl. The results will provide reference for the research and application of salt induced gelatinization.
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Crystallization; Magnesium Chloride; Starch; Viscosity
PubMed: 35181319
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.061