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Journal of the American Society of... Oct 2007Magnesium deficiency is frequently associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant magnesium deficiency aggravates hypokalemia and renders it refractory to treatment by... (Review)
Review
Magnesium deficiency is frequently associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant magnesium deficiency aggravates hypokalemia and renders it refractory to treatment by potassium. Herein is reviewed literature suggesting that magnesium deficiency exacerbates potassium wasting by increasing distal potassium secretion. A decrease in intracellular magnesium, caused by magnesium deficiency, releases the magnesium-mediated inhibition of ROMK channels and increases potassium secretion. Magnesium deficiency alone, however, does not necessarily cause hypokalemia. An increase in distal sodium delivery or elevated aldosterone levels may be required for exacerbating potassium wasting in magnesium deficiency.
Topics: Humans; Hypokalemia; Kidney; Magnesium Deficiency; Potassium
PubMed: 17804670
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2007070792 -
Nutrients May 2023Magnesium (Mg) has many physiological functions within the body. These include important roles in maintaining cardiovascular functioning, where it contributes to the... (Review)
Review
Magnesium (Mg) has many physiological functions within the body. These include important roles in maintaining cardiovascular functioning, where it contributes to the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, endothelial functioning and haemostasis. The haemostatic roles of Mg impact upon both the protein and cellular arms of coagulation. In this review, we examine how Mg homeostasis is maintained within the body and highlight the various molecular roles attributed to Mg in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we describe how nutritional and/or disease-associated magnesium deficiency, seen in some metabolic conditions, has the potential to influence cardiac and vascular outcomes. Finally, we also examine the potential for magnesium supplements to be employed in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders and in the management of cardiometabolic health.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium Deficiency; Magnesium; Dietary Supplements; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 37242238
DOI: 10.3390/nu15102355 -
Nutrients Sep 2015Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been recognized as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, where it is crucial for adenosine... (Review)
Review
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been recognized as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, where it is crucial for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Moreover, magnesium is essential for the regulation of muscular contraction, blood pressure, insulin metabolism, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, nerve transmission and neuromuscular conduction. Imbalances in magnesium status-primarily hypomagnesemia as it is seen more common than hypermagnesemia-might result in unwanted neuromuscular, cardiac or nervous disorders. Based on magnesium's many functions within the human body, it plays an important role in prevention and treatment of many diseases. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (e.g., stroke), migraine headaches, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Topics: Animals; Dietary Supplements; Homeostasis; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Nutritional Status; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26404370
DOI: 10.3390/nu7095388 -
Magnesium Research Mar 2016Magnesium is one of the most important elements in the human body and is involved in a number of biochemical processes crucial for the proper functioning of the... (Review)
Review
Magnesium is one of the most important elements in the human body and is involved in a number of biochemical processes crucial for the proper functioning of the cardiovascular, alimentary, endocrine, and osteoarticular systems. It also plays a vital modulatory role in brain biochemistry, influencing several neurotransmission pathways associated with the development of depression. Personality changes, including apathy, depression, agitation, confusion, anxiety, and delirium are observed when there is a deficiency of this element. Rodents receiving a diet deficient in magnesium displayed depressive behaviour that was reversed by antidepressant drugs. Poor nutrition, gastrointestinal and renal diseases, insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes, alcoholism, stress, and certain medications may lead to magnesium deficiency. Since the extracellular concentration of magnesium ions may not reflect their intracellular level, none of the current methods of evaluating magnesium status is regarded as satisfactory. The mood-improving potential of magnesium compounds have been confirmed by the results of numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies. It seems that magnesium supplementation is well-tolerated and enhances the efficacy of conventional antidepressant treatments, and as such could be a valuable addition to the standard treatments for depression, although differences in bioavailability between inorganic and organic compounds should be taken into consideration.
Topics: Animals; Depression; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency
PubMed: 27910808
DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2016.0407 -
Advances in Internal Medicine 1983
Review
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Dogs; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Potassium
PubMed: 6340431
DOI: No ID Found -
QJM : Monthly Journal of the... Nov 2018Numerous epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies over the last 30 years have consistently shown that chronic magnesium deficiency is associated with and/or... (Review)
Review
Numerous epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies over the last 30 years have consistently shown that chronic magnesium deficiency is associated with and/or exacerbates a number of major disorders (Table 1). Yet chronic magnesium deficiency is not widely recognized and a major reason for this failure is that serum magnesium levels do not accurately reflect body magnesium stores. Specifically, in chronic magnesium deficiency, serum magnesium levels are often within the normal reference range (usually lowest quartile) and may not progress to overt hypomagnesaemia. This raises serious questions namely (i) should chronic magnesium deficiency be considered in high-risk patients irrespective of serum magnesium, even when 'normal'? and (ii) if recognized, should oral magnesium supplement be given to restore body stores? Appreciating the vital role of magnesium for normal cellular function and bone health may help in formulating a well-considered and justifiable approach to these questions. Pragmatic tests for assessing magnesium status in the adult are suggested and discussed.
Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Nutritional Status; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29036357
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx186 -
Nutrients Mar 2022So far, no coherent and convincing theory has been developed to fully explain the pathogenesis of migraine, although many researchers and experts emphasize its... (Review)
Review
So far, no coherent and convincing theory has been developed to fully explain the pathogenesis of migraine, although many researchers and experts emphasize its association with spreading cortical depression, oxidative stress, vascular changes, nervous excitement, neurotransmitter release, and electrolyte disturbances. The contribution of magnesium deficiency to the induction of cortical depression or abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission is a likely mechanism of the magnesium-migraine relationship. Hence, there is interest in various methods of assessing magnesium ion deficiency and attempts to study the relationship of its intra- and extracellular levels with the induction of migraine attacks. At the same time, many clinicians believe that magnesium supplementation in the right dose and form can be a treatment to prevent migraine attacks, especially in those patients who have identified contraindications to standard medications or their different preferences. However, there are no reliable publications confirming the role of magnesium deficiency in the diet as a factor causing migraine attacks. It also seems interesting to deepen the research on the administration of high doses of magnesium intravenously during migraine attacks. The aim of the study was to discuss the probable mechanisms of correlation of magnesium deficiency with migraine, as well as to present the current clinical proposals for the use of various magnesium preparations in complementary or substitute pharmacotherapy of migraine. The summary of the results of research and clinical observations to date gives hope of finding a trigger for migraine attacks (especially migraine with aura), which may turn out to be easy to diagnose and eliminate with pharmacological and dietary supplementation.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Migraine Disorders
PubMed: 35268064
DOI: 10.3390/nu14051089 -
Nutrients Dec 2018Magnesium is essential for maintaining normal cellular and organ function. In-adequate magnesium balance is associated with various disorders, such as skeletal...
Magnesium is essential for maintaining normal cellular and organ function. In-adequate magnesium balance is associated with various disorders, such as skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Unfortunately, routinely measured serum magnesium levels do not always reflect total body magnesium status. Thus, normal blood magnesium levels eclipse the wide-spread magnesium deficiency. Other magnesium measuring methods, including the magnesium loading test, may provide more accurate reflections of total body magnesium status and thus improve identification of magnesium-deficient individuals, and prevent magnesium deficiency related complications.
Topics: Diet; Erythrocytes; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; Recommended Dietary Allowances
PubMed: 30513803
DOI: 10.3390/nu10121863 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2013Magnesium (Mg2+) plays a key role in many essential cellular processes such as intermediary metabolism, DNA replication and repair, transporting potassium and calcium... (Review)
Review
Magnesium (Mg2+) plays a key role in many essential cellular processes such as intermediary metabolism, DNA replication and repair, transporting potassium and calcium ions, cell proliferation together with signalling transduction. Dietary sources rich in magnesium are whole and unrefined grains, seeds, cocoa, nuts, almonds and green leafy vegetables. Hard water is also considered to be an important source of magnesium beneficial to human health. The daily dietary intake of magnesium is however frequently found to be below that recommended in Western countries. Indeed, it is recognised that magnesium deficiency may lead to many disorders of the human body, where for instance magnesium depletion is believed to play an important role in the aetiology of the following; cardiovascular disease (including thrombosis, atherosclerosis, ishaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, arrhythmias and congestive heart failure in human), as well as diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease, liver cirrhosis and diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Insufficient dietary intake of magnesium may also significantly affect the development and exacerbation ofADHD (Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder) symptoms in children. The known links between magnesium and carcinogenesis still remain unclear and complex, with conflicting results being reported from many experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies; further knowledge is thus required. Mg2+ ions are enzyme cofactors involved in DNA repair mechanisms that maintain genomic stability and fidelity. Any magnesium deficiencies could thereby cause a dysfunction of these systems to occur leading to DNA mutations. Magnesium deficiency may also be associated with inflammation and increased levels of free radicals where both inflammatory mediators and free radicals so arising could cause oxidative DNA damage and therefore tumour formation. The presented review article now provides a summary discussion of the various research performed concerning the impact that low magnesium intake has on tumour incidence; this includes impairment of magnesium homeostasis frequently observed in tumour cells, the influence of magnesium depletion on the progression of existing tumours and the occurrence of hypo-magnesaemia when patients are treated with certain anticancer drugs.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Neoplasms; Recommended Dietary Allowances
PubMed: 24325082
DOI: No ID Found -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Dec 1986Significant magnesium deficiency occurs in chronic alcoholism. The evidence depends on a number of related lines of evidence: hypomagnesemia, a number of clinical... (Review)
Review
Significant magnesium deficiency occurs in chronic alcoholism. The evidence depends on a number of related lines of evidence: hypomagnesemia, a number of clinical symptoms in common with patients with nonalcoholic causes of magnesium deficiency, induction of magnesium excretion by alcohol ingestion (167-260% of control values), positive magnesium balance on alcohol withdrawal (average 1.15 meq/kg), decreased exchangeable magnesium (28Mg, mean deficit 1.12 meq/kg), a mean deficit of 11.4 meq/kg of fat-free dry weight of muscle of alcoholic patients, and hypocalcemia responsive only to magnesium therapy. When alcohol is withdrawn, free fatty acids rise sharply and plasma magnesium falls. Respiratory alkalosis occurs abruptly also on alcohol withdrawal. The alkalosis and rise of free fatty acids with concomitant fall of magnesium produces an acute instability of the internal milieu and could result in acute symptoms. There also are a number of nutritional deficiencies which need to be cared for, but magnesium, thiamine, and other B vitamins need to be administered immediately. Potassium and phosphorus should be supplied when they are low.
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Muscles; Phosphorus; Potassium; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
PubMed: 3544909
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05150.x