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Nutrients Jan 2021Magnesium oxide has been widely used as a laxative for many years in East Asia, yet its prescription has largely been based on empirical knowledge. In recent years,... (Review)
Review
Magnesium oxide has been widely used as a laxative for many years in East Asia, yet its prescription has largely been based on empirical knowledge. In recent years, several new laxatives have been developed, which has led to a resurgence in interest and increased scientific evidence surrounding the use of magnesium oxide, which is convenient to administer, of low cost, and safe. Despite these advantages, emerging clinical evidence indicates that the use of magnesium oxide should take account of the most appropriate dose, the serum concentration, drug-drug interactions, and the potential for side effects, especially in the elderly and in patients with renal impairment. The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence base for the clinical use of magnesium oxide for treating constipation and provide a pragmatic guide to its advantages and disadvantages.
Topics: Animals; Constipation; Drug Interactions; Humans; Laxatives; Magnesium Oxide; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 33525523
DOI: 10.3390/nu13020421 -
Journal of the American College of... Feb 1990This study compared magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate with respect to in vitro solubility and in vivo gastrointestinal absorbability. The solubility of 25 mmol... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
This study compared magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate with respect to in vitro solubility and in vivo gastrointestinal absorbability. The solubility of 25 mmol magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide was examined in vitro in solutions containing varying amounts of hydrochloric acid (0-24.2 mEq) in 300 ml distilled water intended to mimic achlorhydric to peak acid secretory states. Magnesium oxide was virtually insoluble in water and only 43% soluble in simulated peak acid secretion (24.2 mEq hydrochloric acid/300 ml). Magnesium citrate had high solubility even in water (55%) and was substantially more soluble than magnesium oxide in all states of acid secretion. Reprecipitation of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide did not occur when the filtrates from the solubility studies were titrated to pH 6 and 7 to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Approximately 65% of magnesium citrate was complexed as soluble magnesium citrate, whereas magnesium complexation was not present in the magnesium oxide system. Magnesium absorption from the two magnesium salts was measured in vivo in normal volunteers by assessing the rise in urinary magnesium following oral magnesium load. The increment in urinary magnesium following magnesium citrate load (25 mmol) was significantly higher than that obtained from magnesium oxide load (during 4 hours post-load, 0.22 vs 0.006 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05; during second 2 hours post-load, 0.035 vs 0.008 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05). Thus, magnesium citrate was more soluble and bioavailable than magnesium oxide.
Topics: Adult; Biological Availability; Citrates; Citric Acid; Clinical Protocols; Clinical Trials as Topic; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Gastric Juice; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Absorption; Magnesium Oxide; Male
PubMed: 2407766
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2023In the current epoch, noble metals/metal oxides with precise structures are needed to develop sustainable products to improve the welfare of human beings and the... (Review)
Review
In the current epoch, noble metals/metal oxides with precise structures are needed to develop sustainable products to improve the welfare of human beings and the environment. Nanomaterials in the regime 1 -100 nm scale are a promising material for the research fraternities owing to their stupendous properties. The metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles (silver, gold, copper oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide) are gaining significant momentum and need to be extensively studied. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) are a periclase, white hygroscopic material consisting of Mg ions and O ions in lattice arranged. These nanoparticles can be fabricated through physical, chemical and biological methods. The development of green synthesized MgONPs needs to be ascertained and explored its ultimate in medicine, health, cosmetics, environmental protection, chemical industries, and energy. Therefore, the present review manifests the green synthetic approaches of MgONPs and their impact on crystalline structure and shape. Further, we have provided the antibacterial and anticancer activities of MgONPs thoroughly reported in various kinds of literature. Overall, the unique MgONPs can be plausibly used as safe biomaterials in biomedical applications.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium Oxide; Metal Nanoparticles; Oxides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanostructures
PubMed: 36515021
DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666221212114416 -
ChemistryOpen Mar 2021Although chitin, an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polysaccharide, can be converted to valuable products by means of homogeneous catalysis, most of the chitin generated by food...
Although chitin, an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polysaccharide, can be converted to valuable products by means of homogeneous catalysis, most of the chitin generated by food processing is treated as industrial waste. Thus, a method for converting this abundant source of biomass to useful chemicals, such as lactic acid, would be beneficial. In this study, we determined the catalytic activities of various metal oxides for chitin conversion at 533 K and found that MgO showed the highest activity for lactic acid production. X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis showed that the MgO was transformed to Mg(OH) during chitin conversion. The highest yield of lactic acid (10.8 %) was obtained when the reaction was carried out for 6 h with 0.5 g of the MgO catalyst. The catalyst could be recovered as a solid residue after the reaction and reused twice with no decrease in the lactic acid yield.
Topics: Catalysis; Chitin; Equipment Reuse; Lactic Acid; Magnesium Oxide; Models, Chemical
PubMed: 33492785
DOI: 10.1002/open.202000303 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Nov 2018A 75-year-old Japanese woman presented with nausea and appetite loss. Computed tomography showed a radiopaque substance in the stomach. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy...
A 75-year-old Japanese woman presented with nausea and appetite loss. Computed tomography showed a radiopaque substance in the stomach. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed bezoars in the stomach, which were endoscopically retrieved. The bezoars were mainly composed of magnesium and oxide. Although bezoar formation associated with magnesium oxide consumption is infrequently encountered, the present case indicates that pharmacobezoar should be considered among the differential diagnoses in patients who demonstrate a radiopaque mass in the digestive tract and have a history of magnesium oxide use.
Topics: Aged; Bezoars; Diagnosis, Differential; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Humans; Magnesium Oxide; Nausea; Stomach; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 29877289
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1124-18 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021In the last few decades, there has been a trend involving the use of nanoscale fillers in a variety of applications. Significant improvements have been achieved in the... (Review)
Review
In the last few decades, there has been a trend involving the use of nanoscale fillers in a variety of applications. Significant improvements have been achieved in the areas of their preparation and further applications (e.g., in industry, agriculture, and medicine). One of these promising materials is magnesium oxide (MgO), the unique properties of which make it a suitable candidate for use in a wide range of applications. Generally, MgO is a white, hygroscopic solid mineral, and its lattice consists of Mg2+ ions and O2- ions. Nanostructured MgO can be prepared through different chemical (bottom-up approach) or physical (top-down approach) routes. The required resultant properties (e.g., bandgap, crystallite size, and shape) can be achieved depending on the reaction conditions, basic starting materials, or their concentrations. In addition to its unique material properties, MgO is also potentially of interest due to its nontoxicity and environmental friendliness, which allow it to be widely used in medicine and biotechnological applications.
Topics: Adsorption; Magnesium Oxide; Models, Chemical; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 34884556
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312752 -
Nanotechnology Feb 2023Biofilms formed in food-processing environments are of special importance as they have the potential to act as a persistent source of microbial contamination that may...
Biofilms formed in food-processing environments are of special importance as they have the potential to act as a persistent source of microbial contamination that may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. The creation of microbial biofilms, which can be a source of food product contamination with food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria, is one of the most critical elements in the food industry. The goal of this study was to see how well magnesium oxide (MgO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) inhibited growth and biofilm formation of two common foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study was completed in the year 2020. Resazurin reduction and micro-dilution procedures were used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of magnesium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles forO157: H7 (ATCC 35 218) and() (ATCC 19 118). The bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon technique was used to determine the cell-surface hydrophobicity of the selected bacteria. The surface assay was also used to calculate the influence of the NPs coated surfaces on the biofilm formation of the selected bacteria. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles had MICs of 2 and 2 mg ml, while copper oxide nanoparticles had MICs of 0.16 and 1 mg mlagainstand, respectively. At the MIC, the magnesium and copper nanoparticles inhibited biofilm formation ofandby 89.9 and 96.6 percent and 93.6 and 98.7 percent, respectively. The hydrophobicity ofandwas determined to be 74% and 67%, respectively. The surface assay revealed a substantial reduction in bacterial adhesion and colonization on NPs-coated surfaces. Both compounds had inhibitory effects onand, according to our findings. Even at sub-MICs, NPs were found to be able to prevent biofilm development. The microbial count and production of microbial biofilms were reduced on surfaces coated with MgO and CuO nanoparticles. MgO and CuO nanoparticles can be utilized as a cleaning agent for surfaces to avoid the formation of foodborne bacterial biofilms, which is important for public health.
Topics: Magnesium Oxide; Copper; Food Microbiology; Colony Count, Microbial; Biofilms; Bacteria; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 36595339
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acab6f -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Apr 2021The current study has evaluated the MICs and MBCs of ZnONPs, MgONPs, and MgONPs-ZnONPs against HRv Mtb and MDR-Mtb.
OBJECTIVE
The current study has evaluated the MICs and MBCs of ZnONPs, MgONPs, and MgONPs-ZnONPs against HRv Mtb and MDR-Mtb.
METHODS
Mixture, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and zinc oxide (MgONPs-ZnONPs) were prepared. The microplate alamar blue (MABA) assay and the proportion method were used to evaluate of anti-tubercular activity against MDR-MTB. MTT test was done to MgONPs-ZnONPs against Vero and HepG cell lines.
RESULTS
The MIC of MgONPs and ZnONPs were 0.195 and 0.468 μg mL against 10 of HRv Mtb. As well, 0.166 μg mL of MgONPs-ZnONPs was able to inhibit 10 HRv Mtb. The MIC of MgONPs against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb was 12.5 μg mL. The MIC of MgONPs/ZnONPs against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb reached to 0.664 μg mL. The MBC value of ZnONPs increased to 1.875 μg mL against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb. Testing showed that the MBCs of MgONPs/ZnONPs reached to 1.328 μg mL against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb. The IC against MDR-TB was 0.779 μg mL for ZnONPs and 0.883 μg mL for MgONPs-ZnONPs. The MgONPs-ZnONPs was not toxic to Vero cell lines however ZnONPs could inhibit the Vero and HepG cell lines.
CONCLUSION
We found that ZnONPs and mixture MgONPs-ZnONPs not only have higher bactericide behavior but might have also synergistic effects against MDR-TB.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnesium Oxide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nanoparticles; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 33845951
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.032 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Aug 2022Because of the limited regenerative ability of the central nervous system (CNS), effective treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI) are still lacking. After SCI, neuron...
Magnesium Oxide/Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Loaded with Neural Morphogens Promote Spinal Cord Repair through Targeting the Calcium Influx and Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells.
Because of the limited regenerative ability of the central nervous system (CNS), effective treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI) are still lacking. After SCI, neuron loss and axon regeneration failure often result in irreversible functional impairment. The calcium overload induced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) overactivation is critical for cell death in SCI. It has been reported that the magnesium ion (Mg ) can competitively block the NMDAR and reduce the calcium influx, and that sonic hedgehog (Shh) and retinoic acid (RA) are the critical regulators of neuronal differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs). Here, magnesium oxide (MgO)/poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) scaffold loaded with purmorphamine (PUR, a Shh signaling agonist) and RA is developed and its feasibility in SCI repair is tested. The results showed that the Mg released from MgO attenuated cell apoptosis by blocking the calcium influx, and the PUR/RA promoted the recruitment and neuronal differentiation of endogenous NSCs, thereby reducing the glial scar formation at the SCI lesion site. Furthermore, implantation of PUR/RA-loaded MgO/PLCL scaffold facilitates the partial recovery of a locomotor function of SCI mouse in vivo. Together, findings from this study imply that PUR/RA-loaded MgO/PLCL scaffold may be a promising biomaterial for the clinical treatment of SCI.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Calcium; Caproates; Cell Differentiation; Dioxanes; Hedgehog Proteins; Lactones; Magnesium Oxide; Mice; Neural Stem Cells; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Cord Regeneration; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 35587044
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200386 -
Chemosphere Oct 2023In this work, magnesium oxide nanoparticles supported biochar derived from tea wastes (MgO@TBC) was prepared as an effective adsorbent for removing hazardous...
In this work, magnesium oxide nanoparticles supported biochar derived from tea wastes (MgO@TBC) was prepared as an effective adsorbent for removing hazardous o-chlorophenol (o-CP) from industrial wastewater. The surface area, porous structure, surface functional groups and surface charge of tea waste biochar (TBC) significantly enhanced after the modification process. The best uptake performance of o-CP was found at pH = 6.5 and 0.1 g of MgO@TBC adsorbent. According to the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption of o-CP onto MgO@TBC followed the Langmuir model with a maximum uptake capacity of 128.7 mg/g, which was 26.5% higher than TBC (94.6 mg/g). MgO@TBC could be reused for eight cycles with a high o-CP uptake performance (over 60%). Besides, it also exhibited good removal performance of o-CP from industrial wastewater with a removal rate of 81.7%. The adsorption behaviors of o-CP onto MgO@TBC are discussed based on the experimental results. This work may provide information to prepare an effective adsorbent for removing hazardous organic contaminants in wastewater.
Topics: Magnesium Oxide; Wastewater; Adsorption; Kinetics; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Charcoal; Nanoparticles; Tea
PubMed: 37392798
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139342