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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020is a yeast inhabiting the skin and ear canals in healthy dogs. In the presence of various predisposing conditions it can cause otitis and dermatitis, which are treated... (Review)
Review
is a yeast inhabiting the skin and ear canals in healthy dogs. In the presence of various predisposing conditions it can cause otitis and dermatitis, which are treated with multiple antifungal agents, mainly azole derivatives. This manuscript aims to review the available evidence regarding the occurrence of resistance phenomena in this organism. Various findings support the capacity of for developing resistance. These include some reports of treatment failure in dogs, the reduced antifungal activity found against yeast isolates sampled from dogs with exposure to antifungal drugs and strains exposed to antifungal agents in vitro, and the description of resistance mechanisms. At the same time, the data reviewed may suggest that the development of resistance is a rare eventuality in canine practice. For example, only three publications describe confirmed cases of treatment failure due to antifungal resistance, and most claims of resistance made by past studies are based on interpretive breakpoints that lack sound support from the clinical perspective. However, it is possible that resistant cases are underreported in literature, perhaps due to the difficulty of obtaining a laboratory confirmation given that a standard procedure for susceptibility testing of is still unavailable. These considerations highlight the need for maintaining surveillance for the possible emergence of clinically relevant resistance, hopefully through a shared strategy put in place by the scientific community.
PubMed: 32630397
DOI: 10.3390/jof6020093 -
Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 2020
Topics: Agar; Culture Media; Lipid Metabolism; Malassezia
PubMed: 31879200
DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2019.10.003 -
Medical Mycology Oct 1999Malassezia pachydermatis is of importance in both veterinary and human medicine. Its taxonomic status and physiological characteristics are now better understood. Skin... (Review)
Review
Malassezia pachydermatis is of importance in both veterinary and human medicine. Its taxonomic status and physiological characteristics are now better understood. Skin disease associated with this lipophilic yeast is now commonly recognized, especially in dogs. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms which allow this yeast to proliferate and induce disease. Skin colonization is common in pet carnivores which consequently constitute a source of M. pachydermatis for susceptible humans. In the future, the development of efficient typing systems should allow better understanding of the transmission mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Malassezia; Otitis; Skin
PubMed: 10520154
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1999.00237.x -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2017Reference methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts have been developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European... (Review)
Review
Reference methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts have been developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). These methods are intended to test the main pathogenic yeasts that cause invasive infections, namely spp. and , while testing other yeast species introduces several additional problems in standardization not addressed by these reference procedures. As a consequence, a number of procedures have been employed in the literature to test the antifungal susceptibility of . This has resulted in conflicting results. The aim of the present study is to review the procedures and the technical parameters (growth media, inoculum preparation, temperature and length of incubation, method of reading) employed for susceptibility testing of , and when possible, to propose recommendations for or against their use. Such information may be useful for the future development of a reference assay.
PubMed: 29371554
DOI: 10.3390/jof3030037 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal May 2020Malassezia pachydermatis is a rare cause of systemic infection in infants. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Malassezia pachydermatis is a rare cause of systemic infection in infants.
METHODS
A total of 4 cases of M. pachydermatis fungemia that occurred in our neonatal intensive care unit over a 21-month period were reviewed, as well as 27 cases reported in the literature since 1988.
RESULTS
The patients were preterm with multiple complications and had birth weights ranging from 490 to 810 g and gestational age between 23 and 26 weeks. All patients had received prophylactic fluconazole, broad-spectrum antibiotics and parenteral lipid supplements before fungemia onset, which occurred between the age of 7 and 28 days. Symptoms were nonspecific and thrombocytopenia was the primary laboratory finding. All patients received intravenous antifungal treatment and recovered from their infection. The 27 cases from review of the literature also indicated that the infected infants were extremely low birth weight (77.8%), with multiple underlying diseases (94.7%), receiving lipid-supplementation (100%) from a central vascular catheter. Most infants received antifungal treatment (73.1%) and catheter removal (73.1%) as the management.
CONCLUSIONS
M. pachydermatis is a pathogenic agent that causes late onset sepsis in critically ill low birth weight infants with generally good outcomes. Targeted antifungal treatment as well as catheter removal appear to be key factors for infection management.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Birth Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cross Infection; Dermatomycoses; Female; Fungemia; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Malassezia; Male; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis
PubMed: 32118859
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002591 -
Medical Mycology Feb 2020Malassezia pachydermatis, a lipophilic and aerobic yeast, is a causative agent of Malassezia dermatitis, a common skin mycosis in dogs and cats. This fungus is also...
Malassezia pachydermatis, a lipophilic and aerobic yeast, is a causative agent of Malassezia dermatitis, a common skin mycosis in dogs and cats. This fungus is also responsible for zoonotic fungal infections in human neonates. Ravuconazole (RVZ) is an antifungal azole compound and the active metabolite of fosravuconazole, which was approved for use in humans in Japan in 2018. In the present study, in vitro RVZ susceptibility and multi-azole resistance of 13 clinical M. pachydermatis strains was investigated using the modified Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 test. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the 13 isolates ranged from 0.094 to >32 mg/L for itraconazole (ITZ) and from 0.5 to >32 mg/l for RVZ. Similarly, MICs for ITZ- or RVZ-resistant strains (MICs >32 mg/l) were also >32 mg/l for clotrimazole (CTZ), >32 mg/l for miconazole (MCZ), and 0.25 to >32 mg/L for voriconazole (VRZ). BLAST analysis using the NCBI database showed that ERG11 cDNA of the RVZ-resistant strain encoded Gly at codon 461 and Asp in cytochrome p450 encoded by M. pachydermatis ERG11 mRNA. This work is the first report to describe that an RVZ-resistant M. pachydermatis strain contains ERG11 mutations. The affinity of the protein encoded by ERG11 for RVZ may differ from that of ITZ. Therefore, RVZ has considerable therapeutic potential for treating ITZ-resistant canine Malassezia dermatitis. However, RVZ-resistant strains already exist in canine Malassezia dermatitis in Japan.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; Itraconazole; Japan; Malassezia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Thiazoles; Triazoles
PubMed: 31329927
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz037 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jul 1998
Topics: Adult; Catheterization, Central Venous; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Malassezia; Male; Mycoses; Risk Factors
PubMed: 9687254
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199807233390414 -
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Jun 2023Yeast infections such as otitis externa and seborrheic dermatitis in dogs and cats are frequently associated with secondary infection. It is part of the normal...
Yeast infections such as otitis externa and seborrheic dermatitis in dogs and cats are frequently associated with secondary infection. It is part of the normal cutaneous microflora of most warm-blooded vertebrates, however, under certain conditions, it can become a causative agent of infection that needs to be treated pharmacologically. Azole derivatives are the drugs of the first choice. An interesting trend in developing resistance is the use of natural substances, which include manuka honey with confirmed antimicrobial properties. The main intention of this research was to evaluate the mutual effect of manuka honey in combination with four conventional azole antifungals - clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and miconazole - on 14 isolates obtained from dogs and 1 reference strain. A slightly modified M27-A3 method (CLSI 2008) and the checkerboard test (Nikolić et al. 2017) were used for this purpose. Our results show an additive effect of all 4 antifungals with manuka honey concurrent use. Based on the determined values of fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI - 0.74±0.03 when manuka honey combined with clotrimazole, 0.96±0.08 with fluconazole, 1.0±0 with miconazole and 1.16±0.26 with itraconazole), it was found in all cases that the effect of substances used is more pronounced in mutual combination than when used separately.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Antifungal Agents; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Miconazole; Clotrimazole; Cat Diseases; Honey; Dog Diseases; Azoles
PubMed: 37389413
DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145037 -
The British Veterinary Journal May 1996A review of the diseases caused by Malassezia pachydermatis has led to the conclusion that the yeast is an opportunistic pathogen that depends on predisposing host... (Review)
Review
A review of the diseases caused by Malassezia pachydermatis has led to the conclusion that the yeast is an opportunistic pathogen that depends on predisposing host factors and different immune suppressive mechanisms for clinical manifestation. Until recently, the role of M. pachydermatis in seborrhoeic dermatitis and otitis externa in dogs has been largely unrecognized. The clinical manifestation, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of disease conditions in dogs caused by M. pachydermatis are reviewed. Human Malassezia furfur infections are briefly described.
Topics: Animals; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Malassezia
PubMed: 8762604
DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80100-x -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023(phylum , class ) is a zoophilic opportunistic pathogen with recognized potential for invasive infections in humans. Although this pathogenic yeast is widespread in...
(phylum , class ) is a zoophilic opportunistic pathogen with recognized potential for invasive infections in humans. Although this pathogenic yeast is widespread in nature, it has been primarily studied in domestic animals, so available data on its genotypes in the wild are limited. In this study, 80 yeast isolates recovered from 42 brown bears () were identified as by a culture-based approach. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) was used to endorse conventional identification. The majority of samples exhibited a high score fluctuation, with 42.5% of isolates generating the best scores in the range confident only for genus identification. However, the use of young biomass significantly improved the identification of at the species confidence level (98.8%). Importantly, the same MALDI-TOF MS efficiency would be achieved regardless of colony age if the cut-off value was lowered to ≥1.7. Genotyping of LSU, ITS1, CHS2, and β-tubulin markers identified four distinct genotypes in . isolates. The most prevalent among them was the genotype previously found in dogs, indicating its transmission potential and adaptation to distantly related hosts. The other three genotypes are described for the first time in this study. However, only one of the genotypes consisted of all four loci with bear-specific sequences, indicating the formation of a strain specifically adapted to brown bears. Finally, we evaluated the specificity of the spectral profiles of the detected genotypes. MALDI-TOF MS exhibited great potential to detect subtle differences between all isolates and revealed distinct spectral profiles of bear-specific genotypes.
PubMed: 37275156
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151107