-
Neuropsychology Review Sep 1990Although malingering, or the manipulation of data by the patient, is a problem commonly faced by neuropsychologists, there has been little systematic investigation of... (Review)
Review
Although malingering, or the manipulation of data by the patient, is a problem commonly faced by neuropsychologists, there has been little systematic investigation of this problem. This paper reviews the literature on the detection of malingering in assessment instruments commonly used by clinical neuropsychologists. Criticism of previous research is discussed, and suggestions are made both for future research and for clinical practice.
Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Humans; MMPI; Malingering; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychometrics
PubMed: 2152533
DOI: 10.1007/BF01112573 -
Medicine and Law 1996After pointing out that spoken and non-verbal language are the primary means of communication in interpersonal dialogue, and especially in a forensic criminological... (Review)
Review
After pointing out that spoken and non-verbal language are the primary means of communication in interpersonal dialogue, and especially in a forensic criminological examination, the authors present malingering in a legal context from an historical and psychodynamic- ontogenetic point of view. Diagnostic characteristics of malingering are reported in a review of previous studies. Latest psychological testing is presented. The authors express their professional opinion that malingering in a criminological forensic setting should be divested of the aura of deviousness and manipulation acquired throughout the past years. They propose that it is a defensive reaction to which a person charged with a crime resorts when under the stress of facing the legal consequences of wrongdoing. They view malingering in a forensic setting as regressive behavior to a childhood or adolescent stage, not to condone or justify it, but in an attempt to bring about better communication between examiner and examinee.
Topics: Adult; Forensic Psychiatry; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; Human Development; Humans; Male; Malingering; Mental Competency; Nonverbal Communication; Psychological Tests
PubMed: 8691996
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Personality Assessment 1990Empirical studies of malingering on the Rorschach are reviewed. Results from these studies are to this point inconsistent and inconclusive. Although several indices are... (Review)
Review
Empirical studies of malingering on the Rorschach are reviewed. Results from these studies are to this point inconsistent and inconclusive. Although several indices are related to malingering in individual studies, no specific malingering pattern has been found that replicates across studies. A methodological problem specific to this literature is discussed and future research designs are recommended.
Topics: Humans; Malingering; Psychometrics; Rorschach Test
PubMed: 2179523
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.1990.9673972 -
International Journal of Law and... 2013Incentives to malinger vary greatly dependent on the context, as does the prevalence. Malingering in the medico-legal context of the criminal courts is generally for one...
Incentives to malinger vary greatly dependent on the context, as does the prevalence. Malingering in the medico-legal context of the criminal courts is generally for one of two purposes: to present as incompetent to stand trial or to successfully plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Estimates of the prevalence of malingering in these contexts vary between 8 and 21%. The prevalence of malingering increases dramatically in a general offender sample, where the external incentive is likely to be substantially different. Malingering in this context can be as high as 56% and generally occurs to obtain a more desirable housing situation or desired medications. Our study examined data from two distinct samples to evaluate incentives to malinger: patients found incompetent to stand trial (IST) and sent to a state hospital for restoration and jail inmates seeking psychiatric services (JPS). Our results indicate that the rate of malingering in the IST sample was consistent with rates published in comparable samples (17.5%) and the rate for the JPS sample was substantially higher (64.5%). Only in the IST sample was rate of malingering associated with offense severity: patients found IST for murder and robbery evidenced malingering rates more than double the sample as a whole. Offense severity bore no relationship to malingering in the JPS sample.
Topics: California; Female; Humans; Male; Malingering; Motivation; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prevalence; Prisoners; Prisons; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychological Tests
PubMed: 23664364
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.013 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Mar 2011Twenty-four studies utilizing the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit Span subtest--either the Reliable Digit Span (RDS) or Age-Corrected Scaled Score... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Twenty-four studies utilizing the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit Span subtest--either the Reliable Digit Span (RDS) or Age-Corrected Scaled Score (DS-ACSS) variant--for malingering detection were meta-analytically reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness in detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. RDS and DS-ACSS effectively discriminated between honest responders and dissimulators, with average weighted effect sizes of 1.34 and 1.08, respectively. No significant differences were found between RDS and DS-ACSS. Similarly, no differences were found between the Digit Span subtest from the WAIS or Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Strong specificity and moderate sensitivity were observed, and optimal cutting scores are recommended.
Topics: Adult; Databases, Bibliographic; Female; Humans; Intelligence; Male; Malingering; Neuropsychological Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Wechsler Scales
PubMed: 21391012
DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2010.516743 -
Medicine Dec 2016Artifacts or simulated diseases are self-inflicted conditions caused by various means and for different purposes. Disease simulation can be motivated, among other... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Artifacts or simulated diseases are self-inflicted conditions caused by various means and for different purposes. Disease simulation can be motivated, among other things, by illegal purposes, to escape from civil duties or prison sentences, for example, or to exploit specific situations in order to receive a range of benefits. In such cases, the simulator is fully aware of his or her actions and intentions.
DIAGNOSES, INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES
We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who, for 3 consecutive years, showed religious stigmata on the forehead and on the dorsal surface of hands and feet immediately before Easter. Lesions showed an acute onset, manifested as erosions and ulcerations, and healed a few days after Easter. Stigmata were immediately made public and every year faithful and curious people went in procession to the house of the patient, offering different kinds of gifts. After intervention of the police authority in the early days of the third episode, the patient and her family repented of their actions. Cutaneous lesions healed in few days and similar events did not occur during the following 2 years.
LESSONS
Regardless of personal beliefs, the possibility that stigmata could be self-inflicted for illegal or profit purposes should always be considered.
Topics: Adult; Christianity; Female; Humans; Italy; Malingering; Recurrence; Self-Injurious Behavior
PubMed: 27930512
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005354 -
Psychological Assessment Feb 2019This meta-analysis compares stand-alone and embedded performance and symptom validity tests (PVTs and SVTs) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This meta-analysis compares stand-alone and embedded performance and symptom validity tests (PVTs and SVTs) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) malingering detection in college students. Simulation design studies utilizing college student samples were included (k = 11). Analyses consisted of measures designed or previously used for malingering detection. Random-effects models were constructed to provide aggregated weighted effect sizes (Hedges' g), indicating the difference between genuine ADHD and simulation groups. Overall PVTs (stand-alone and embedded) produced a large effect size (g = 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.72, 1.13], p < .001), whereas overall SVTs (stand-alone and embedded) produced a medium-effect size (g = 0.54, 95% CI [0.44, 0.65], p < .001). Stand-alone PVTs (g = 0.98, 95% CI [0.84, 1.12], p < .001) outperformed embedded PVTs (g = 0.66, 95% CI [0.51, 0.80], p < .001). The stand-alone SVT (g = 0.66) and embedded SVTs (g = 0.54, 95% CI [0.43, 0.65], p < .001) produced medium-effect sizes. These findings support stand-alone PVTs and suggest that performance-based measures should be included in ADHD evaluation batteries, which may consist solely of symptom self-report measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Female; Humans; Male; Malingering; Neuropsychological Tests; Self Report; Students
PubMed: 30359048
DOI: 10.1037/pas0000659 -
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Apr 2023Malingering can be divided into simulation and exaggeration of symptoms. Malingering has traditionally been considered rare in general psychiatry. In contrast to earlier...
INTRODUCTION
Malingering can be divided into simulation and exaggeration of symptoms. Malingering has traditionally been considered rare in general psychiatry. In contrast to earlier estimates, more recent studies report that doctors suspect malingering frequently in psychiatric emergency departments. The aim of this study is to survey how often doctors in psychiatric emergency units in a public, free-of-charge, mental health service suspect that patients are malingering, and which diagnoses, symptom complaints and suspected reasons for malingering doctors ascribe to their patients.
METHODS
Questionnaires were distributed in three psychiatric emergency departments in Denmark. Suspected simulation and exaggeration were rated with a 5-point scale. Doctors were encouraged to write down the symptoms and perceived causes for suspected malingering.
RESULTS
362 questionnaires were filled in. 25% of all patients were suspected of simulating to some degree. 8% of patients were highly suspected or definitely believed to be simulating. Patients complaining of suicidal ideation were most frequently suspected of malingering. '' was the most common suspected reason for malingering. Patients with diagnoses of substance use and personality disorder were the most suspected of malingering.
CONCLUSION
This is the first study to investigate doctors' suspicions of psychiatric malingering in a European setting. Patients with established personality and substance use disorder are at higher risk of being suspected of malingering, which potentially affects the course of treatment significantly. The rise in suspected malingering is conspicuous and requires further investigation. Doctors are encouraged to act conservatively upon suspicion of malingering in emergency psychiatry.
Topics: Humans; Malingering; Forensic Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Personality Disorders; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 35714972
DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2083676 -
South African Medical Journal =... May 2002
Topics: Disability Evaluation; Humans; Malingering; Psychiatry; Psychology
PubMed: 12108163
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Nov 1977Hysteria and malingering, both commonly seen, especially in orthopaedic clinics, are reveiwed. Advances in psychology and psychiatry are often unknown or ignored by... (Review)
Review
Hysteria and malingering, both commonly seen, especially in orthopaedic clinics, are reveiwed. Advances in psychology and psychiatry are often unknown or ignored by surgeons, who may thus mistreat or misdiagnose a multitude of conditions.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hysteria; Malingering
PubMed: 337886
DOI: No ID Found