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Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS Dec 2019There exists no consensus "gold standard" treatment for condylar fractures, and there is continued debate on whether condylar fractures should undergo surgical or... (Review)
Review
There exists no consensus "gold standard" treatment for condylar fractures, and there is continued debate on whether condylar fractures should undergo surgical or conservative management. Herein, we review various techniques of conservative, closed, and open surgical treatments of condylar fractures. Also, we review complications associated with each treatment modality and compare and contrast closed and open management. Standardization of fracture classification schemes and treatment modalities is needed to elucidate the best course of action for each patient and each fracture.
Topics: Conservative Treatment; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures
PubMed: 31783418
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700888 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Nov 2015Various surgical interventions including esthetic surgery, salivary gland excision, and open reduction of fracture have been performed in the area around the mandibular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Various surgical interventions including esthetic surgery, salivary gland excision, and open reduction of fracture have been performed in the area around the mandibular angle and condyle. This study aimed to comprehensively review the anatomy of the neurovascular structures on the angle and condyle with recent anatomic and clinical research.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We provide detailed information about the branching and distributing patterns of the neurovascular structures at the mandibular angle and condyle, with reported data of measurements and proportions from previous anatomical and clinical research. Our report should serve to help practitioners gain a better understanding of the area in order or reduce potential complications during local procedures. Reckless manipulation during mandibular angle reduction could mutilate arterial branches, not only from the facial artery, but also from the external carotid artery. The transverse facial artery and superficial temporal artery could be damaged during approach and incision in the condylar area. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve can be easily damaged during submandibular gland excision or facial rejuvenation treatment. The main trunk of the facial nerve and its upper and lower distinct divisions have been damaged during parotidectomy, rhytidectomy, and open reductions of condylar fractures.
CONCLUSION
By revisiting the information in the present study, surgeons will be able to more accurately prevent procedure-related complications, such as iatrogenic vascular accidents on the mandibular angle and condyle, complete and partial facial palsy, gustatory sweating (Frey syndrome), and traumatic neuroma after parotidectomy.
Topics: Humans; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle
PubMed: 25956586
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-015-1482-z -
Tissue Engineering Aug 2007Tissue engineering provides the revolutionary possibility for curing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Although characterization of the mandibular condyle has... (Review)
Review
Tissue engineering provides the revolutionary possibility for curing temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Although characterization of the mandibular condyle has been extensively studied, tissue engineering of the mandibular condyle is still in an inchoate stage. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of advances relevant to tissue engineering of mandibular cartilage and bone, and to serve as a reference for future research in this field. A concise anatomical overview of the mandibular condyle is provided, and the structure and function of the mandibular condyle are reviewed, including the cell types, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and biomechanical properties. Collagens and proteoglycans are distributed heterogeneously (topographically and zonally). The complexity of collagen types (including types I, II, III, and X) and cell types (including fibroblast-like cells, mesenchymal cells, and differentiated chondrocytes) indicates that mandibular cartilage is an intermediate between fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. The fibrocartilaginous fibrous zone at the surface is separated from hyaline-like mature and hypertrophic zones below by a thin and highly cellular proliferative zone. Mechanically, the mandibular condylar cartilage is anisotropic under tension (stiffer anteroposteriorly) and heterogeneous under compression (anterior region stiffer than posterior). Tissue engineering of mandibular condylar cartilage and bone is reviewed, consisting of cell culture, growth factors, scaffolds, and bioreactors. Ideal engineered constructs for mandibular condyle regeneration must involve two distinct yet integrated stratified layers in a single osteochondral construct to meet the different demands for the regeneration of cartilage and bone tissues. We conclude this review with a brief discussion of tissue engineering strategies, along with future directions for tissue engineering the mandibular condyle.
Topics: Animals; Bone Substitutes; Cartilage; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 17518708
DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0152 -
Oral Sciences Reviews 1973
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Animals; Ankylosis; Bone Development; Calcification, Physiologic; Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Rats; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 4602851
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Dental... Sep 2010The authors present six cases of mandibular condyle malformation. They also conducted a literature review of bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) to analyze the various... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The authors present six cases of mandibular condyle malformation. They also conducted a literature review of bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) to analyze the various hypotheses that have been made regarding the etiopathogenesis of this entity. Type of Studies Reviewed. The authors searched the PubMed database for all instances of BMC and similar anatomical alterations, and they included non-English-language published reports. The inclusion criterion was the presence of a multilobular mandibular condyle.
RESULTS
Mandibular condyle may manifest in different anatomical forms; bilobular is the most common, although triple lobular morphology also has been observed. A congenital origin has been suggested as the primary cause. In addition, trauma may alter the growth of the condylar cartilage, inducing an anatomical defect. However, the majority of participants in this study had no history of trauma. The authors reviewed a total of 198 cases in study participants and cadavers.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
In the absence of traumatic antecedents or other alterations of the temporomandibular joint, the presence of a BMC may be associated with developmental anomalies.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Jaw Abnormalities; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Middle Aged; Radiography, Panoramic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult
PubMed: 20807906
DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0336 -
Dental Traumatology : Official... Jun 2004A case of left bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is reported in a 36-year-old female. The patient had a history of trauma in childhood. From the radiological examination,... (Review)
Review
A case of left bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is reported in a 36-year-old female. The patient had a history of trauma in childhood. From the radiological examination, the left condyle was seen to have two anterioposteriorly situated heads. BMC is an extremely rare condition, where the condyle is duplicated or lobulated. The literature on BMC is reviewed, and possible cause of trauma and consequences of the anomaly are discussed.
Topics: Adult; Facial Pain; Female; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 15144453
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-4469.2004.00222.x -
The British Journal of Oral &... Feb 2024This study aims to review surgical treatment in paediatric condylar fractures and describe different types of techniques performed, along with the results obtained from... (Review)
Review
This study aims to review surgical treatment in paediatric condylar fractures and describe different types of techniques performed, along with the results obtained from them. A retrospective review was conducted from records of paediatric patients (from one to 17 years old) who sustained fractures of the mandibular condyle and underwent surgical treatment from 2003 to 2023. The number of patients, age, location, and type of fracture, clinical and imaging examinations, treatment methods, intraoperative/postoperative complications, removal of osteosynthesis material, follow up and outcomes were recorded and analysed. A total of 68 patients with 79 fractures were identified. The most common fracture pattern was condylar neck fracture (61.1%). Of the 68 patients who underwent surgical treatment, one had a complication of minimal temporal paraesthesia and another patient had near-complete resorption of the condyle. A total of 55 patients (81%) reported normal dental occlusion, mouth opening (>35 mm), lateral excursions (7-8 mm), TMJ function, no pain, no deviation of the midline or the jaw, and no ankylosis. Thirteen patients (19%) developed an unsatisfactory result, nine patients (13%) had a jaw deviation on mouth opening, four patients (6%) had mandibular retrusion, and seven patients (10%) had signs of TMJ dysfunction. A total of 59 patients (87%) reported bone completely healed with no signs of bone abnormality; seven patients (10%) had shortening of the condylar neck and/or ramus. Surgical treatment can lead to good or excellent results for severely dislocated and displaced condylar fractures in children and can reduce the unsatisfactory results resulting from closed treatment.
Topics: Humans; Child; Infant; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Mandibular Condyle; Tooth Ankylosis; Fractures, Bone; Intraoperative Complications; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 38155068
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2023.10.015 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral... Apr 1993A vascular necrosis is a well-recognized pathologic entity in orthopedic surgery which most commonly affects the femoral head. Avascular necrosis of the mandibular... (Review)
Review
A vascular necrosis is a well-recognized pathologic entity in orthopedic surgery which most commonly affects the femoral head. Avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle has been recognized recently, although controversy exists as to the appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment. We present a discussion of the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis derived from the orthopedic literature and its extrapolation to management of the temporomandibular joint in the form of decompression corticotomy of the condyle by two techniques.
Topics: Compartment Syndromes; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Osteonecrosis; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 8464604
DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(93)90164-y -
Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 2017
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Mandibular Condyle
PubMed: 27793329
DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2016.06.009 -
The British Journal of Oral &... Apr 1993Sagittal or vertical fractures of the mandibular condyle and chip fractures of the medial part of the condylar head are very rare entities and their identification is... (Review)
Review
Sagittal or vertical fractures of the mandibular condyle and chip fractures of the medial part of the condylar head are very rare entities and their identification is difficult with conventional radiographs. We report a case of a unilateral bifid mandibular condyle which resulted following a sagittal condylar fracture. This was associated with a chip fracture of the medial part of the condylar head on the contralateral side. These types of condylar fracture do not require any surgical treatment, but early mobilization is indicated.
Topics: Exostoses; Humans; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Middle Aged; Radiography
PubMed: 8471576
DOI: 10.1016/0266-4356(93)90176-w