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The New England Journal of Medicine Jun 2014
Review
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Brain; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Humans; Lung Diseases; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; United States
PubMed: 24897085
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1402309 -
Journal of Perinatology : Official... Oct 2020There is growing evidence that there is an increased use of Marijuana (cannabis) during the perinatal period. This review summarizes pertinent legislation (past and... (Review)
Review
There is growing evidence that there is an increased use of Marijuana (cannabis) during the perinatal period. This review summarizes pertinent legislation (past and present) and the physiology and pathophysiology of cannabis use during pregnancy. The literature which involves issues concerning cannabis and pregnancy is expanding but at present has many gaps and unanswered questions. The effects on the newborn are significant and treatment recommendations including breastfeeding are presented. Also included is a description of developmental delay during the first 2 years of life in infants exposed to prenatal marijuana. In addition, this commentary discusses the increase use of the newer "synthetic" cannabinoids which have greater psychotropic activity and can cause significant harm.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Analgesics; Breast Feeding; Cannabis; Fetus; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Female
PubMed: 32507859
DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0708-z -
Stroke Apr 2022Marijuana is perceived as a harmless drug, and its recreational use has gained popularity among young individuals. The concentration of active ingredients in... (Review)
Review
Marijuana is perceived as a harmless drug, and its recreational use has gained popularity among young individuals. The concentration of active ingredients in recreational formulations has gradually increased over time, and high-potency illicit cannabinomimetics have become available. Thus, the consumption of cannabis in the general population is rising. Data from preclinical models demonstrate that cannabinoid receptors are expressed in high density in areas involved in cognition and behavior, particularly during periods of active neurodevelopment and maturation. In addition, growing evidence highlights the role of endogenous cannabinoid pathways in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and neurodevelopment. In animal models, exogenous cannabinoids disrupt these important processes and lead to cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. These data correlate with the higher risk of cognitive impairment reported in some observational studies done in humans. It is unclear whether the effect of cannabis on cognition reverts after abstinence. However, this evidence, along with the increased risk of stroke reported in marijuana users, raises concerns about its potential long-term effects on cognitive function. This scientific statement reviews the safety of cannabis use from the perspective of brain health, describes mechanistically how cannabis may cause cognitive dysfunction, and advocates for a more informed health care worker and consumer about the potential for cannabis to adversely affect the brain.
Topics: American Heart Association; Animals; Brain; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Endocannabinoids; Humans
PubMed: 35142225
DOI: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000396 -
JBJS Reviews Feb 2022Marijuana use is on the rise in the United States, and there is a paucity of information on the effects of cannabis and its chemical constituents on bone health,...
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Marijuana use is on the rise in the United States, and there is a paucity of information on the effects of cannabis and its chemical constituents on bone health, wound-healing, surgical complications, and pain management.
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Current evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) may enhance bone health and metabolism, while Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the major psychoactive component in marijuana, has an inhibitory effect.
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Marijuana users are at higher risk for delayed bone-healing, demonstrate lower bone mineral density, are at increased risk for fracture, and may experience postoperative complications such as increased opioid use and hyperemesis.
Topics: Bone Density; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Humans; Orthopedics; Pain Management
PubMed: 35180183
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.21.00184 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Jun 2022In recent years, an increasing number of states have legalized marijuana, also known as cannabis, for recreational use. As marijuana becomes more accessible, adolescent... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
In recent years, an increasing number of states have legalized marijuana, also known as cannabis, for recreational use. As marijuana becomes more accessible, adolescent use and accidental pediatric exposures are likely to become broad public health concerns. Edible marijuana products, which are consumable foods or beverages that contain cannabis extract, are particularly enticing to youth, as they come in appealing forms such as candies, cookies, and drinks. The purpose of this review is to provide pediatricians with an overview of the different types and potential dangers associated with edible marijuana products.
RECENT FINDINGS
Edible marijuana products are often indistinguishable in appearance from normal food items and lack the smell and visible smoke associated with inhaled marijuana. Because they are inconspicuous, palatable, and easily accessible, they are increasingly popular among adolescents. Additionally, the packaging of edible baked goods, candies, and drinks is often purposefully very similar to that of mainstream foods, increasing the risk of accidental ingestion by children. An edible marijuana product must be digested before Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol can enter the bloodstream, so there is a delayed onset of effects when consuming edibles compared with inhaling marijuana. This also predisposes users to accidental overconsumption.
SUMMARY
Greater knowledge of edible marijuana product consumption by pediatric populations will allow pediatricians to more effectively help patients and advise caregivers in cases of overconsumption, dependence, or accidental ingestion. It is important for parents, guardians, and educators to be able to successfully identify edible marijuana products and recognize signs of cannabis use.
Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Child; Humans; Marijuana Use; Product Packaging
PubMed: 35634702
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001132 -
Cardiology in Review 2016Marijuana is currently the most used illicit substance in the world. With the current trend of decriminalization and legalization of marijuana in the US, physicians in... (Review)
Review
Marijuana is currently the most used illicit substance in the world. With the current trend of decriminalization and legalization of marijuana in the US, physicians in the US will encounter more patients using marijuana recreationally over a diverse range of ages and health states. Therefore, it is relevant to review marijuana's effects on human cardiovascular physiology and disease. Compared with placebo, marijuana cigarettes cause increases in heart rate, supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and forearm blood flow via increased sympathetic nervous system activity. These actions increase myocardial oxygen demand to a degree that they can decrease the time to exercise-induced angina in patients with a history of stable angina. In addition, marijuana has been associated with triggering myocardial infarctions (MIs) in young male patients. Smoking marijuana has been shown to increase the risk of MI onset by a factor of 4.8 for the 60 minutes after marijuana consumption, and to increase the annual risk of MI in the daily cannabis user from 1.5% to 3% per year. Human and animal models suggest that this effect may be due to coronary arterial vasospasm. However, longitudinal studies have indicated that marijuana use may not have a significant effect on long-term mortality. While further research is required to definitively determine the impact of marijuana on cardiovascular disease, it is reasonable to recommend against recreational marijuana use, especially in individuals with a history of coronary artery disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cannabis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 26886465
DOI: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000103 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine Jun 2016Marijuana use among women is highly prevalent, but the societal conversation on marijuana rarely focuses on how marijuana affects female reproduction and endocrinology.... (Review)
Review
Marijuana use among women is highly prevalent, but the societal conversation on marijuana rarely focuses on how marijuana affects female reproduction and endocrinology. This article reviews the current scientific literature regarding marijuana use and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis regulation, ovarian hormone production, the menstrual cycle, and fertility. Evidence suggests that marijuana can reduce female fertility by disrupting hypothalamic release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to reduced estrogen and progesterone production and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Tolerance to these effects has been shown in rhesus monkeys, but the effects of chronic marijuana use on human female reproduction are largely unknown. Marijuana-induced analgesia, drug reinforcement properties, tolerance, and dependence are influenced by ovarian hormones, with estrogen generally increasing and progesterone decreasing sensitivity to marijuana. Carefully controlled regulation of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is required for successful reproduction, and the exogenous cannabinoids in marijuana may disrupt the delicate balance of the ECS in the female reproductive system.
Topics: Cannabis; Endocannabinoids; Female; Fertility; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Progesterone
PubMed: 27354844
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Pediatrics Aug 2018
Review
Topics: Brain; Breast Feeding; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Internationality; Marijuana Use; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Medical Marijuana; Pediatricians; Pregnancy; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 30053922
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.007 -
Orvosi Hetilap Apr 2001Marihuana (Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant) is one of the most widely used illicit drugs all over the world. Cannabis products are usually smoked. The plant contains... (Review)
Review
Marihuana (Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant) is one of the most widely used illicit drugs all over the world. Cannabis products are usually smoked. The plant contains chemicals called cannabinoids. One of these, 1-delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol (THC) is believed be responsible for most of the characteristic psychoactive (euphoria) and cardiovascular (tachycardia, conjuctivitis) effects. Although some clinical studies suggest the medical utility of marihuana (i.e. on the basis of its antiemetic, anticonvulsive and analgesic effect)--the scientific evidence is weak. Therefore the complete legalization of the drug is strongly opposed.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antiemetics; Cannabis; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Phytotherapy
PubMed: 11367861
DOI: No ID Found -
Annual Review of Pharmacology 1975
Review
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cannabis; Cognition; Dogs; Dronabinol; Drug Tolerance; Haplorhini; Humans; Mitochondria, Liver; Motor Skills; Neurons; Perception; Phytotherapy; Rats; Smoke; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Testosterone
PubMed: 807151
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pa.15.040175.001203