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Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Feb 2021Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health... (Review)
Review
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of cannabis use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for cannabis use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of cannabis use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance use disorders. The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical cannabis use should inform users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems.
Topics: Analgesics; Cannabis; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Prevalence
PubMed: 33627670
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4 -
The American Journal of Drug and... 1981Survey research on levels of use and attitudes toward marijuana by youth indicate a consistently favorable attitude toward occasional, moderate use. Use of marijuana is... (Review)
Review
Survey research on levels of use and attitudes toward marijuana by youth indicate a consistently favorable attitude toward occasional, moderate use. Use of marijuana is contrasted with the use of alcohol and tobacco by youth. Research findings re the dangers of marijuana use are summarized. The inability of legislators and law enforcement personnel to control access to and use of marijuana, coupled with the high cost of our present legal response to the marijuana challenge, leads to recommending legalization of marijuana, as well as, developing a generic primary prevention program for marijuana abuse which features distinguishing "responsible use" from "abuse." Criteria for judging marijuana abuse are provided.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Animals; Attitude; Child; Dronabinol; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lung; Marijuana Abuse; Memory, Short-Term; Peer Group; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Smoking; United States
PubMed: 6280492
DOI: 10.3109/00952998109009552 -
Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art... Apr 2014Marijuana use in pediatric populations remains an ongoing concern, and marijuana use by adolescents had known medical, psychological, and cognitive side effects.... (Review)
Review
Marijuana use in pediatric populations remains an ongoing concern, and marijuana use by adolescents had known medical, psychological, and cognitive side effects. Marijuana alters brain development and has detrimental effects on brain structure and function in ways that are incompletely understood at this point in time. Furthermore, marijuana smoke contains tar and other harmful chemicals, so marijuana cannot be recommended by physicians. At this time, no studies suggest a benefit of marijuana use by children and adolescents. In the context of limited but clear evidence showing harm or potential harm from marijuana use by adolescents, any recommendations for medical marijuana use by adolescents are based on research studies with adults and on anecdotal evidence. Criminal prosecution for marijuana possession adversely affects hundreds of thousands of youth yearly in the United States, particularly minority youth. Current evidence does not support a focus on punishment for youth who use marijuana. Rather, drug education and treatment programs should be encouraged to better help youth who are experimenting with or are dependent on marijuana. Decriminalization of recreational use of marijuana by adults has not led to an increase in youth use rates of recreational marijuana. Thus, decriminalization may be a reasonable alternative to outright criminalization, as long as it is coupled with drug education and treatment programs. The effect of outright legalization of adult recreational use of marijuana on youth use is unknown.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Medicine; Alcoholism; Automobile Driving; Cannabinoids; Family Relations; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Medical Marijuana; Social Justice; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States
PubMed: 25022187
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... 2005
Topics: Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Substance Abuse Detection
PubMed: 16270134
DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302005000500008 -
Journal of Addictive Diseases Oct 2009There is a need to bridge the gap between the fields of addiction psychiatry and general psychiatry to effectively treat co-morbid substance abuse and psychiatric... (Review)
Review
There is a need to bridge the gap between the fields of addiction psychiatry and general psychiatry to effectively treat co-morbid substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. This alarming epidemic transcends communities and severely impacts healthcare worldwide, yielding poor treatment outcomes and prognoses for afflicted patients. Because substance abuse can exacerbate or trigger psychosis and mood disorders, it is important to keep these issues in the forefront when evaluating patients. To address some of the complications stemming from not enough interactions between various groups of practitioners, this review addresses the neurobehavioral effects of cannabis use and their impact on patients who suffer from psychotic or affective disorders. The hope is that this article will serve as a spring board for further discussions among practitioners who treat these patients. Greater interactions between caretakers are bound to impact the care of our patients in a very positive way.
Topics: Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Cognition Disorders; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Mood Disorders; Neuropsychology; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 20155601
DOI: 10.1080/10550880903182960 -
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North... Aug 1990Marijuana remains a complex, poorly understood drug with many effects. Although its acute psychological effects are well described, data linking cannabis use to chronic... (Review)
Review
Marijuana remains a complex, poorly understood drug with many effects. Although its acute psychological effects are well described, data linking cannabis use to chronic psychiatric or social problems and decreased driving or workplace safety are much less clear. Current laboratory procedures have not yet been shown useful to demonstrate acute intoxication, so they remain screening instruments for those interested in detecting cannabis use for other reasons. Although both acute and chronic effects of marijuana use have been described, they appear to be less than other commonly abused substances, including tobacco and alcohol. The rare acute complications that present to the Emergency Department can be managed with conservative measures.
Topics: Ambulatory Care; Child; Dronabinol; Drug Overdose; Humans; Marijuana Abuse
PubMed: 2167201
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... May 2004The prevalence of recreational drug abuse among young adults, including women, has increased markedly over the last 2 decades. Nearly 90 % of these women are of... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of recreational drug abuse among young adults, including women, has increased markedly over the last 2 decades. Nearly 90 % of these women are of childbearing age. Marijuana remains the drug most commonly used for recreational purposes in pregnancy. However, there appears to be an absence of uniform guidelines for obstetric and anaesthetic management of pregnant patients with a history of marijuana abuse.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A Medline search for articles highlighting drug abuse in pregnancy, with particular emphasis on marijuana abuse in pregnancy, the drug 's impact on the fetus and implications for administration of obstetrical anaesthesia was performed.
RESULTS
Because the pharmacological actions of marijuana are complex and include a unique blend of effects, the clinical picture could be very unpredictable, the diagnosis often difficult, and management at times controversial.
CONCLUSION
In the absence of uniform anaesthetic guidelines for pregnant patients with a history of drug abuse, including abuse of marijuana, the decision regarding administration of peripartum analgesia or anaesthesia should be individualised and conducted on a case-by-case basis.
Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cannabinoids; Female; Fetus; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 15175775
DOI: No ID Found -
Addiction Science & Clinical Practice Dec 2007The prevalence of marijuana abuse and dependence disorders has been increasing among adults and adolescents in the United States. This paper reviews the problems... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of marijuana abuse and dependence disorders has been increasing among adults and adolescents in the United States. This paper reviews the problems associated with marijuana use, including unique characteristics of marijuana dependence, and the results of laboratory research and treatment trials to date. It also discusses limitations of current knowledge and potential areas for advancing research and clinical intervention.
Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Europe; Family Therapy; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Middle Aged; Motivation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; United States
PubMed: 18292704
DOI: 10.1151/ascp07414 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Feb 2015Cannabis is the world's most popular illicit drug, and around half of all Danes have tried it at least once. In this paper we review the pharmacodynamic and... (Review)
Review
Cannabis is the world's most popular illicit drug, and around half of all Danes have tried it at least once. In this paper we review the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of cannabis. We also discuss the treatment of cannabis intoxication and present data from The Danish Poison Information Center.
Topics: Age Distribution; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Denmark; Drug Interactions; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Marijuana Abuse; Poison Control Centers; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
PubMed: 25650575
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Oct 2022The prevalence of adolescent cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) continues to grow, as clinicians increasingly recognize the presenting features of cyclical nausea,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The prevalence of adolescent cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) continues to grow, as clinicians increasingly recognize the presenting features of cyclical nausea, emesis, abdominal pain and relief of symptoms with hot showers, in the setting of chronic cannabinoid use.
RECENT FINDINGS
Our understanding of the contributory mechanisms continues to grow, but high-quality evidence of effective treatment in adolescents remains lacking. Current best evidence in the treatment of acute paediatric CHS suggests intravenous rehydration and electrolyte correction, followed by 0.05 mg/kg haloperidol with or without a benzodiazepine. The only long-term treatment remains complete cessation of cannabinoid use.
SUMMARY
This article reviews our growing knowledge of adolescent CHS and provides practical guidance for diagnosis, treatment and understanding the underlying mechanisms of the condition.
Topics: Adolescent; Cannabinoids; Child; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Nausea; Syndrome; Vomiting
PubMed: 35946907
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001157