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The Future of Children 2005Kathryn Edin and Joanna Reed review recent research on social and economic barriers to marriage among the poor and discuss the efficacy of efforts by federal and state...
Kathryn Edin and Joanna Reed review recent research on social and economic barriers to marriage among the poor and discuss the efficacy of efforts by federal and state policymakers to promote marriage among poor unmarried couples, especially those with children, in light of these findings. Social barriers include marital aspirations and expectations, norms about childbearing, financial standards for marriage, the quality of relationships, an aversion to divorce, and children by other partners. Edin and Reed note that disadvantaged men and women highly value marriage but believe they are currently unable to meet the high standards of relationship quality and financial stability they believe are necessary to sustain a marriage and avoid divorce. Despite their regard for marriage, however, poor Americans do not view it as a prerequisite for childbearing, and it is typical for either or both parents in an unmarried-couple family to have a child by another partner. Economic barriers include men's low earnings, women's earnings, and the marriage tax. In view of these findings, Edin and Reed argue that public campaigns to convince poor Americans of the value of marriage are preaching to the choir. Instead, campaigns should emphasize the benefits for children of living with both biological parents and stress the harmful effects for children of high-conflict parental relationships. Programs to improve relationship quality must address head-on the significant problems many couple face. Because disadvantaged men and women view some degree of financial stability as a prerequisite for marriage, policymakers must address the instability and low pay of the jobs they typically hold as well as devise ways to promote homeownership and other asset development to encourage marriage. Moreover, programs need to help couples meet the challenges of parenting families where children are some combination of his, hers, and theirs. Encouraging more low-income couples to marry without giving them tools to help their marriages thrive may simply increase the divorce rate.
Topics: Adult; Child; Divorce; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Marriage; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 16158733
DOI: 10.1353/foc.2005.0017 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth May 2019Child marriage is associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes, and the practice is still alarmingly common. Together with efforts to end child marriage, it is...
BACKGROUND
Child marriage is associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes, and the practice is still alarmingly common. Together with efforts to end child marriage, it is essential to provide adequate health care to already married adolescents. However, to date there has been very limited research on health care-seeking practices among married adolescents in Nepal.
METHOD
The study was conducted in a rural part of Dang District situated in the Mid-western region of Nepal. We combined thirteen individual interviews and four focus group discussions with 17-20 years old women who had married before the age of 18 years and individual interviews with 10 key informants.
RESULTS
Pressure to give birth early, limited autonomy, and little knowledge about reproductive health issues make married adolescents vulnerable to risky pregnancies. Early-married women face a range of barriers to use existing health services including work overload, transport and distance to health care facilities, qualities of services, verbal abuse by health care providers, and shyness and embarrassment.
CONCLUSION
Women who marry and become pregnant during adolescence face a number of barriers that limit their access to health care services and they need more attention from the health services and policy makers. More youth friendly health services and education about sexual and reproductive health should be key elements in strategies to address the health issues of early-married women and adolescent girls.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Focus Groups; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Marriage; Nepal; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Qualitative Research; Reproductive Health Services; Rural Population; Young Adult
PubMed: 31053108
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2298-3 -
BMC Women's Health Nov 2019Early marriage is occurred when one or both of the spouses are below the age of 18 years at the time of their first marriage. It is one of the major traditional...
BACKGROUND
Early marriage is occurred when one or both of the spouses are below the age of 18 years at the time of their first marriage. It is one of the major traditional practices in developing counties particularly in Ethiopia; which has significant physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional effects and reduces educational opportunities and the chance for personal growth for both boys and girls. Even though this traditional practice was the common cultural events in the study area, there is no prior study on the magnitude and its determinant factors. Hence, the study was aimed to determine the prevalence and determinant factors of early marriage among married women in Injibara town, North West Ethiopia.
METHODS
A Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2018. A total of 373 women were included in the study. A multistage sampling procedure was applied to select the study participants. Data analysis was done by using SPSS versions 23. Both descriptive & analytical statistics were computed. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 and the strength of association were assessed by using adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval.
RESULT
The prevalence of early marriage was 167(44.8%). The minimum and maximum ages at first marriage were 9 and 23 years respectively. Non-formal educational level of the father [Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) =2.32; 95%CI = 1.33-4.05], family's average monthly income <1000 Ethiopian birr [AOR = 2.32, 95%CI = 1.27-4.24], family size ≥7 [AOR = 3.59, 95%CI = 1.94-6.63] and non-formal education level of the respondents [AOR = 5.16; 95%CI = 2.87-9.28] were found to be associated with early marriage.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of early marriage was high in Injibara town, Ethiopia. Factors that tend to facilitate early marriage in this town include family income, family size, educational level of the father and that of the respondent. Improving on the strategies that promote formal education will reduce the level of early marriage in Injibara town, Ethiopia.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Culture; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Marriage; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 31703577
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0832-0 -
Journal of Environmental and Public... 2016Early marriage is a worldwide problem associated with a range of health and social consequences for teenage girls. Designing effective health interventions for managing...
Early marriage is a worldwide problem associated with a range of health and social consequences for teenage girls. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore determinants of early marriage from married girls' perspectives. The study was conducted from May 2013 to January 2015 in Ahvaz, Iran. A purposeful sampling method was used to select fifteen eligible participants. Data were collected through face-to-face, semistructured interviews and were analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach. Three categories emerged from the qualitative data including "family structure," "Low autonomy in decision-making," and "response to needs." According to the results, although the participants were not ready to get married and intended to postpone their marriage, multiple factors such as individual and contextual factors propelled them to early marriage. Given that early marriage is a multifactorial problem, health care providers should consider a multidimensional approach to support and empower these vulnerable girls.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Female; Humans; Iran; Marriage; Psychology, Adolescent; Qualitative Research; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 27123012
DOI: 10.1155/2016/8615929 -
Archives of Sexual Behavior Dec 2011In this study, we examined the patterns of sex differences in men and women married to each other in five cultures (China, Russia, Turkey, UK, and the U.S.) to look for...
In this study, we examined the patterns of sex differences in men and women married to each other in five cultures (China, Russia, Turkey, UK, and the U.S.) to look for universal patterns in behavioral dimorphisms and for cultural variability in those patterns. Over 400 couples in each cultural group completed the 235-item Marriage and Relationship Questionnaire on various aspects of marriage, appropriately translated for each culture. Sex differences were anticipated in responses related to female choosiness, labor performed, emotional expressiveness, interest in sex, physical attractiveness, and jealousy. To measure male-female differences in each culture, t-tests were utilized, and effect sizes were calculated. Significant sex differences (p < .05, two-tailed) emerged in all six areas examined, although cultural differences were also seen in the patterns. For example, on items relevant to female choosiness, women in most, but not all, cultures were more likely than their husbands to endorse these statements: "I have thought of divorcing my spouse" and "My parents played a role in choosing my spouse." In China, where scores on emotional expressiveness were low, sex differences disappeared in the category related to emotions. Results suggest that long-term marriage exhibits a balance between homogamy and dimorphism serving reproductive interests. Moreover, culture may moderate this balance for particular sex differences.
Topics: Adult; China; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Jealousy; Male; Marriage; Russia; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States
PubMed: 21887587
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-011-9790-9 -
American Journal of Psychotherapy 2009The relational marital paradigm presumes that those partners who trigger the strongest impulses of attraction and passionate feelings of love in each other are those who... (Review)
Review
The relational marital paradigm presumes that those partners who trigger the strongest impulses of attraction and passionate feelings of love in each other are those who are most likely to marry. However, with time these feelings also awaken memories of the most horrible conflicts and nightmares experienced in the family of origin. The subconscious intention is that the primary drama will, this time, be resolved with more positive outcomes. Relational marital therapy, therefore, sets a new milestone in understanding. It is a different approach to therapeutic practice that is based on the therapeutic relationship/alliance, which addresses and resolves the deepest psychobiological states and affects and brings new potential for better quality of relationships.
Topics: Affect; Conflict, Psychological; Defense Mechanisms; Humans; Identification, Psychological; Interpersonal Relations; Love; Marital Therapy; Marriage; Mother-Child Relations; Object Attachment; Transference, Psychology; Unconscious, Psychology
PubMed: 19425330
DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2009.63.1.1 -
Ginecologia Y Obstetricia de Mexico Aug 1977
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Human Development; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Marriage; Sex Education; Sexual Maturation
PubMed: 401380
DOI: No ID Found -
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Aug 2001The association of gender and marital status with quality of life (QoL) was studied in a representative national sample of long-term schizophrenia patients.
BACKGROUND
The association of gender and marital status with quality of life (QoL) was studied in a representative national sample of long-term schizophrenia patients.
METHODS
The study sample consisted of 1,750 male and 1,506 female 15- to 64-year-old schizophrenia patients discharged from mental hospitals in 1986, 1990 and 1994 in Finland. Comprehensive data were collected from hospital and out-patient case records and the psychiatric teams carried out a structured interview regarding the patients' socio-demographic background, living places, living situation, psycho-social state and functioning and life satisfaction three years after the index discharge.
RESULTS
Female patients were older, more often married, had been ill for a longer time and had moved after discharge from hospital to live alone or with their spouse more often than men. Women and married patients had migrated more often than men and single patients, but single men had more often remained living in a remote rural area than others. The QoL of single men was poorer than others in almost all the areas in which it was measured: housing conditions, working, daily functioning, number of confidants and psycho-social state. Differences between single women and married men or women were much smaller. Women, independently of their marital status, were more satisfied with their life, had more close interpersonal relationships and had done useful work more often than men.
CONCLUSIONS
Single male patients with schizophrenia seem to have dropped out of the development of society. They remain living in their birthplace and are more dependent than other patients. Single women migrate more consistently into urban areas, which may be favourable for their QoL. Married patients with schizophrenia, possibly partly helped by their spouse, can best follow changes in the society. Female gender also seems to have an independent association with life satisfaction and interpersonal aspects of the QoL. The results of this study strongly emphasise that the associations between gender, marital status and QoL to a great extent depend on the study sample and may also vary by study area.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Chronic Disease; Female; Finland; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Marriage; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Quality of Life; Schizophrenia; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Work
PubMed: 11766968
DOI: 10.1007/s001270170028 -
The Spanish Journal of Psychology Nov 2016In this study, we examined married individuals' relationship satisfaction in relation to their emotional dependency and dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Our...
In this study, we examined married individuals' relationship satisfaction in relation to their emotional dependency and dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Our participants consisted of 203 female and 181 male, a total of 384 married individuals from urban cities of Turkey. Controlling the effects of gender and length of marriage, we performed a hierarchical regression analysis. Results revealed that married Turkish individuals' relationship satisfaction was significantly explained by their emotional dependency (sr 2 = .300, p < .001), and perceptions of interpersonal rejection (sr 2 = .075, p < .001) and unrealistic relationship expectations (sr 2 = .028, p .05). When compared to perceptions of interpersonal rejection and unrealistic relationship expectations, emotional dependency had the largest role in explaining participants' satisfaction with their marriages. We discuss the results in light of current literature as well as cultural relevance. We also provide implications for future research and mental health practices.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Attitude; Codependency, Psychological; Emotions; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Marriage; Middle Aged; Personal Satisfaction; Turkey; Young Adult
PubMed: 27804904
DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2016.78 -
Demography Aug 2020With rising education among women across the world, educational hypergamy (women marrying men with higher education) has decreased over the last few decades in both...
With rising education among women across the world, educational hypergamy (women marrying men with higher education) has decreased over the last few decades in both developed and developing countries. Although a decrease in hypergamy is often accompanied by increasing homogamy (women marrying men with equal levels of education), our analyses for India based on a nationally representative survey of India (the India Human Development Survey), document a considerable rise in hypogamy (women marrying partners with lower education) during the past four decades. Log-linear analyses further reveal that declining hypergamy is largely generated by the rise in education levels, whereas hypogamous marriages continue to increase even after marginal distributions are taken into account. Further multivariate analyses show that highly educated women tend to marry men with lower education but from more privileged families. Moreover, consanguineous marriages, which exemplify strong cultural constraints on spousal selection in certain parts of India, are more likely to be hypogamous than marriages not related by blood. We argue that the rise in hypogamous marriage by education paradoxically reflects deep-rooted gender scripts in India given that other salient social boundaries are much more difficult to cross.
Topics: Consanguinity; Educational Status; Female; Gender Role; Humans; India; Male; Marriage; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 32524532
DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00888-2