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Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology Dec 2019The maxillary sinus is of paramount importance for otolaryngologists, rhinologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck and dental and maxillofacial... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The maxillary sinus is of paramount importance for otolaryngologists, rhinologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck and dental and maxillofacial radiologists. A comprehensive review article concerning the physiology, development and imaging anatomy was undertaken.
METHODS
Relevant literature pertaining to the physiology of the sinonasal cavity, development of the paranasal sinuses and imaging anatomy of the maxilla and maxillary sinus from 2000 to 2019 was reviewed. Emphasis was placed on literature from the last 5 years.
RESULTS
Extensive recent research using imaging has provided new insights into the development of the maxillary sinus, the other paranasal sinuses and the midface. The fundamental physiological concept of mucociliary clearance and its role in sinus health is emphasized. The paranasal sinuses are an integral part of a common mucosal organ formed by the upper and lower airway.An in-depth understanding of the soft-tissue and neurovascular relationships of the maxillary sinus to the deep fascial spaces and branches of the trigeminal nerve and external carotid artery respectively is required to evaluate and report imaging involving the maxillary sinus.Sinusitis of rhinogenic, rather than odontogenic origin, originates from nasal inflammation followed by anterior ethmoid disease and secondary obstruction of the ostiomeatal unit. The role of anatomical variants that predispose to this pattern of disease is discussed in detail with illustrative examples.The maxillary sinus is intimately related to the roots of the posterior maxillary teeth; the high frequency of mucosal disease and sinusitis of odontogenic aetiology is now well recognized. In addition, an understanding of the anatomy of the alveolar process, morphology of the alveolar recess of the maxillary sinus and neurovascular supply are essential both for deliberate surgical intervention of the sinus and complications related to oral surgical procedures.
CONCLUSIONS
An understanding of the fundamental principles of the development, physiology, anatomy and relationships of the maxillary sinus as depicted by multi-modality imaging is essential for radiologists reporting imaging involving the paranasal sinuses and midface.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Sinusitis
PubMed: 31386556
DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20190205 -
Dental Clinics of North America Jan 2021Implant stability is critical to implant success, and the amount of available bone is vital to achieving that end. Because of low-lying maxillary sinuses, adequate... (Review)
Review
Implant stability is critical to implant success, and the amount of available bone is vital to achieving that end. Because of low-lying maxillary sinuses, adequate alveolar height on the posterior maxilla is often lacking in many patients in need of implant replacement. This chapter reviews both the traditional lateral sinus lift maxillary approach to achieve vertical augmentation as well as the transcrestal osteotome intraoral approach. A discussion of osseodensification will also be mentioned as an alternative approach.
Topics: Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Humans; Maxilla; Maxillary Sinus; Osteotomy; Sinus Floor Augmentation
PubMed: 33213709
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2020.09.013 -
Dental Clinics of North America Jul 2006Attention to the principles of bone grafting, bone healing, and maxillary sinus physiology as well as anatomy is critical to the successful placement of dental implants... (Review)
Review
Attention to the principles of bone grafting, bone healing, and maxillary sinus physiology as well as anatomy is critical to the successful placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla. The integration of these principles must take into account the restorative dental requirements and the patient's autonomy in guiding implant reconstruction. As in so many clinical disciplines, additional research is needed to provide better guidance for clinicians. Despite some gaps in our knowledge, however, sinus augmentation procedures have proven to be safe and effective and have permitted the placement of implants in sites that would have otherwise been impossible to treat. This article summarizes techniques and technologies related to maxillary sinus augmentation.
Topics: Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; Bone Substitutes; Bone Transplantation; Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Dental Implants; Humans; Maxilla; Maxillary Sinus; Wound Healing
PubMed: 16818023
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2006.03.004 -
The Journal of Craniofacial SurgeryMucocele is a benign, expansile, and oppressive lesion, more common in the frontal and ethmoid sinus and less in the maxillary sinus. Sinus mucocele mainly causes cheek...
Mucocele is a benign, expansile, and oppressive lesion, more common in the frontal and ethmoid sinus and less in the maxillary sinus. Sinus mucocele mainly causes cheek swelling pain and nasal obstruction. In some cases, the paranasal mucocele grows large enough to compress periorbital structures and lead to impaired vision. Generally, mucocele is full of simple mucus, but pathogens can be found if co-infected, which means a poor prognosis. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective treatment for this disease. Here, the authors report a case that a mucocele occurred in the maxillary sinus, and a fungal ball was also found during the operation, which is a result of Paecilomyces farinosus co-infection.
Topics: Humans; Mucocele; Maxillary Sinus; Treatment Outcome; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Pain
PubMed: 37594021
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009632 -
General Dentistry 2015The maxillary sinus augmentation procedure has been gaining more acceptance among dental professionals. The aim of this review article is to provide an update about... (Review)
Review
The maxillary sinus augmentation procedure has been gaining more acceptance among dental professionals. The aim of this review article is to provide an update about various aspects of anatomy, physiology, and common pathological conditions of the maxillary sinus and their clinical relevance to the sinus augmentation procedure and subsequent implant placement.
Topics: Dental Implantation, Endosseous; Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Sinus Floor Augmentation; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26147168
DOI: No ID Found -
HNO Aug 2020The question of the "true" function of the maxillary sinus and the paranasal sinuses (PS) has been a controversial issue in the literature for decades, leading to many... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The question of the "true" function of the maxillary sinus and the paranasal sinuses (PS) has been a controversial issue in the literature for decades, leading to many discussions and speculations.
OBJECTIVE
This review briefly summarizes various theories on the possible physiology and functions of the maxillary sinus/PS that have been discussed over the centuries.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search was conducted in PubMed using a combination of the search terms "physiology," "function," "maxillary sinus," and "paranasal sinuses."
RESULTS
Current and scientifically evidenced theories are described. "Sinusology" is the science of the PS. The maxillary sinuses might simply serve to improve the respiratory function of the nose. A flow of inspiratory air does not occur. The maxillary sinuses are decisively involved in the production of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and thus in supporting the immune defense of the nasal cavity. The mucosa of the maxillary sinus continuously synthesizes NO and serves as a reservoir of NO. Other important functions are protection of the orbit and the brain in case of skull fractures, as well as weight reduction of the skull.
CONCLUSION
The various theories about the function of the PS still raise many questions and their true function is yet not fully understood. Possible functions of the maxillary sinuses are local immune defense through the production of NO. The PS serve as a crumple zone for vital cerebral structures in the context of craniocerebral traumas.
Topics: Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Nasal Cavity; Paranasal Sinuses; Skull Fractures
PubMed: 32405680
DOI: 10.1007/s00106-020-00869-2 -
HNO Aug 2020Improved understanding of the microanatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including its individual variations, makes a substantial contribution to current progress in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Improved understanding of the microanatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including its individual variations, makes a substantial contribution to current progress in endonasal endoscopic microsurgery. Microanatomy of the sinuses is an active field of present scientific investitations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comprehensive review on microanatomy of the maxillary sinus is presented from the perspective of contemporary endonasal endoscopic microsurgery.
RESULTS
The range of variation of the individual microanatomy of all sections of the maxillary sinus is presented, in particular to minimize secondary sugical tissue trauma, to avoid complications (e.g. on orbital tissues) and as a basis for the prelacrimal access to the maxillary sinus.
CONCLUSION
Improved understanding of the range of microanatomical variations reduced the burden on the patient while opimizing the effectiveness of the necessary surgical manipulations.
Topics: Endoscopy; Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Microsurgery
PubMed: 32405681
DOI: 10.1007/s00106-020-00868-3 -
Oral Radiology Apr 2023The reasons why the maxillary posterior region is challenging for dentists are its structure and anatomical variations. For this reason, it is necessary to have complete...
OBJECTIVES
The reasons why the maxillary posterior region is challenging for dentists are its structure and anatomical variations. For this reason, it is necessary to have complete knowledge about the anatomy of this region. In dentistry, necessary information for the desired evaluation in this region can be provided by CBCT. The fact that it provides a three-dimensional evaluation and has measurement reliability emphasizes its importance in surgical applications. The septa, haller cell, and accessory ostium are variations of the maxillary sinus. There are few studies in the literature examining the relationship between maxillary sinus diameters and its variations. The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of maxillary sinus variations and the average of maxillary sinus diameters, to examine their relationships according to age and gender, and to evaluate the effects of maxillary sinus diameters on variations.
METHODS
In this retrospective study, CBCT images of 212 patients were examined. The examined CBCT images were analysed and recorded in more than one section. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent t test, one-way Anova tests were used to evaluate the data.
RESULTS
As a result, a statistically significant difference was observed between the variations, gender and age groups in terms of morphometric characteristics of the maxillary sinus. The most common variation was observed to be accessory ostium.
CONCLUSIONS
The rate of patients with at least one anatomical variation was 77.8%. For this reason, a detailed analysis should be performed to avoid complications before surgical procedures are performed in the area.
Topics: Humans; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Maxillary Sinus; Retrospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Maxilla
PubMed: 36094776
DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00655-6 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2021According to classic Hirschfeld studies, the first teeth to be lost are the first and second maxillary molars. After the teeth are extracted and the alveolar process is...
According to classic Hirschfeld studies, the first teeth to be lost are the first and second maxillary molars. After the teeth are extracted and the alveolar process is developed, the maxillary sinus is reabsorbed and pneumatized with a decrease in bone availability in the posterior sector of the maxilla. This process often creates the need to perform regeneration techniques for the placement of implants in this area due to the low availability of bone. The most frequently used and documented technique for the elevation of the sinus maxillary floor is elevation by the side window, as proposed by Tatum. In 1994, Summers proposed a technique that allowed the elevation of the sinus floor from a crestal access using an instrument called an osteotome, as well as the placement of the implant in the same surgical act. The aimed of the study was to evaluate the survival of 32 implants placed in posterior maxilla with bone availability less than 5 mm performing a sinus lift augmentation technique with osteotome without biomaterials. The results of this study show a survival rate of 100% for 32 implants placed in situations with an initial bone availability of 2 to 5 mm without the use of graft material. The infra-drilling technique used offers an increase in the primary stability of implants that allows adequate osteointegration Implants placed were charged at 12 weeks. In all cases, spontaneous bone formation was observed, even in cases where a positive Valsalva maneuver was observed. This proposed technique reduces treatment time and the need for more invasive maxillary sinus augmentation techniques.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Maxilla; Maxillary Sinus; Osteotomy; Sinus Floor Augmentation
PubMed: 33513756
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031103 -
BMC Medical Imaging Feb 2023The variability in the maxillary sinus anatomy makes dental implant planning challenging. One of the anatomical landmarks that could affect the decision for implant...
BACKGROUND
The variability in the maxillary sinus anatomy makes dental implant planning challenging. One of the anatomical landmarks that could affect the decision for implant placement around the maxillary sinus is the sinus septa. This study aimed to retrospectively determine the prevalence, anatomical distribution, and morphology of the maxillary sinus septa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study included 309 CBCT images that were analyzed to determine the prevalence, height, location, and orientation of the maxillary sinus septa. Descriptive statistics, Mann‒Whitney U tests, and Kruskal‒Wallis tests were used for data analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 618 maxillary sinuses were analyzed. Maxillary septa were present in 30% (n = 188) of the sinuses and in approximately 45% of the analyzed images. The mean height of the septa was 5.09 mm. The presence of bilateral septa was evident in 49 subjects (35.25%). Female subjects were significantly more likely to have only one septum (n = 67, 53.6%, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The presence of septa is very common, found in one-third to approximately half of the evaluated cases, which warrants careful examination before any surgical interventions to avoid possible complications.
Topics: Humans; Female; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Maxillary Sinus; Retrospective Studies; Incidence; Saudi Arabia
PubMed: 36739395
DOI: 10.1186/s12880-023-00980-0