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Viral Immunology Mar 2018Measles remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine. The current measles virus (MeV)... (Review)
Review
Measles remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine. The current measles virus (MeV) vaccine was developed empirically by attenuation of wild-type (WT) MeV by in vitro passage in human and chicken cells and licensed in 1963. Additional passages led to further attenuation and the successful vaccine strains in widespread use today. Attenuation is associated with decreased replication in lymphoid tissue, but the molecular basis for this restriction has not been identified. The immune response is age dependent, inhibited by maternal antibody (Ab) and involves induction of both Ab and T cell responses that resemble the responses to WT MeV infection, but are lower in magnitude. Protective immunity is correlated with levels of neutralizing Ab, but the actual immunologic determinants of protection are not known. Because measles is highly transmissible, control requires high levels of population immunity. Delivery of the two doses of vaccine needed to achieve >90% immunity is accomplished by routine immunization of infants at 9-15 months of age followed by a second dose delivered before school entry or by periodic mass vaccination campaigns. Because delivery by injection creates hurdles to sustained high coverage, there are efforts to deliver MeV vaccine by inhalation. In addition, the safety record for the vaccine combined with advances in reverse genetics for negative strand viruses has expanded proposed uses for recombinant versions of measles vaccine as vectors for immunization against other infections and as oncolytic agents for a variety of tumors.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Drug Discovery; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Serial Passage; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 29256824
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0143 -
The Journal of Infection Jun 2017The measles virus is among the most transmissible viruses known to infect humans. Prior to measles vaccination programs, measles infected over 95% of all children and... (Review)
Review
The measles virus is among the most transmissible viruses known to infect humans. Prior to measles vaccination programs, measles infected over 95% of all children and was responsible for over 4 million deaths each year. Measles vaccination programs have been among the greatest public health achievements reducing, eliminating endemic measles in the whole of the Americas and across much of the globe. Where measles vaccines are introduced, unexpectedly large reductions in all-cause childhood mortality have been observed. These gains appear to derive in part from direct heterologous benefits of measles vaccines that enhance innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, by preventing measles infections, vaccination prevents measles-associated short- and long-term immunomodulating effects. Before vaccination, these invisible hallmarks of measles infections increased vulnerability to non-measles infections in nearly all children for weeks, months, or years following acute infections. By depleting measles incidence, vaccination has had important indirect benefits to reduce non-measles mortality. Delineating the relative importance of these two modes of survival benefits following measles vaccine introduction is of critical public health importance. While both support continued unwavering global commitments to measles vaccination programs until measles eradication is complete, direct heterologous benefits of measles vaccination further support continued commitment to measles vaccination programs indefinitely. We discuss what is known about direct and indirect nonspecific measles vaccine benefits, and their implications for continued measles vaccination programs.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Global Health; Humans; Immunity, Heterologous; Immunity, Innate; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 28646947
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30185-8 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Disease Outbreaks; Vaccination; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
PubMed: 38359945
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q402 -
Lancet (London, England) Aug 1967
Topics: Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 4166115
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)90887-2 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Jun 2014Due to the high infectivity of measles virus, achieving sufficient population immunity to interrupt transmission requires two doses of live attenuated measles virus... (Review)
Review
Due to the high infectivity of measles virus, achieving sufficient population immunity to interrupt transmission requires two doses of live attenuated measles virus vaccine. Subcutaneous delivery of vaccine by injection requires trained personnel, maintenance of a cold chain and safe disposal of used needles and syringes. Pulmonary vaccine delivery offers the opportunity for cost-savings and improved coverage, but requires re-licensure. Two aerosol vaccine formulations, nebulized liquid and dry powder, and multiple delivery devices have been evaluated in humans and macaques. Nebulized liquid vaccine is effective for a second dose of vaccine in older children, but less effective for primary vaccination of infants. Dry powder vaccine provides solid protection in macaques and boosts responses in immune adults, but has not yet been tested in infants.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dry Powder Inhalers; Humans; Macaca; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Nebulizers and Vaporizers
PubMed: 24837839
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.915753 -
European Journal of Epidemiology Oct 2019
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 31676977
DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00574-7 -
Lancet (London, England) Aug 1977
Topics: Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; United Kingdom; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 70593
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2019The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an additional dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children receiving...
BACKGROUND
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an additional dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy following immune reconstitution. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize available evidence regarding measles seroprevalence and measles vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety in HIV-infected adolescents and adults to provide the evidence base for recommendations on the need for measles vaccination.
METHODS
We conducted searches of 8 databases through 26 September 2017. Identified studies were screened independently by 2 reviewers.
RESULTS
The search identified 30 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Across studies, measles seroprevalence among HIV-infected adolescents and adults was high (median, 92%; 27 studies), with no significant difference compared to HIV-uninfected participants (10 studies). In 6 studies that evaluated the immunogenicity of MCVs among seronegative HIV-infected adults, measles seropositivity at end of follow-up ranged from 0% to 56% (median, 39%). No severe adverse events were reported following measles vaccination in HIV-infected patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on similar measles seroprevalence between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adolescents and adults, and the low response to vaccination, these studies do not support the need for an additional dose of MCV in HIV-infected adolescents and adults. These findings support WHO guidelines that measles vaccine be administered to potentially susceptible, asymptomatic HIV-infected adults, and may be considered for those with symptomatic HIV infection if not severely immunosuppressed. Measles-susceptible adolescents and adults, regardless of HIV status, may require targeted vaccination efforts to reach critical vaccination thresholds and achieve regional elimination goals.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 30452621
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy980 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Sep 1987Recently studies conducted in several countries using Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine administered subcutaneously to infants younger than 9 months of age have shown high... (Review)
Review
Recently studies conducted in several countries using Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine administered subcutaneously to infants younger than 9 months of age have shown high seroconversion rates, approaching or equaling those routinely achieved at 9 months of age with the more widely used Schwarz vaccine. These results have raised expectations that the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine can play an important role in helping to prevent measles in young infants in highly endemic areas. Because of the implications of changing the measles vaccine recommendations, vaccine advisory groups and vaccine manufacturers will require additional studies to confirm the preliminary findings and to answer new questions which have been raised. The needed data will probably be collected over the next year or two in studies already under way or being planned in the hope that a more effective vaccine for young infants can be introduced before the end of this decade.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 3313247
DOI: 10.1097/00006454-198709000-00001 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2005The purpose of this review is to summarize important papers concerning measles disease and measles-containing vaccines published in 2004. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The purpose of this review is to summarize important papers concerning measles disease and measles-containing vaccines published in 2004.
RECENT FINDINGS
Endemic measles has been successfully controlled in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, in Europe. This has been achieved with a high uptake of two doses of a measles-containing vaccine. Even in industrialized countries, where vaccine uptake is poor, for example Japan, the disease is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Vaccine failure is predominantly due to primary vaccine failure, which may, in part, be genetic in origin and related to HLA type. Measles-containing vaccines have been shown to be associated with febrile convulsions, but there is no strong evidence of a link with atopy. There is considerable evidence that there is no causal relationship with autistic disorders. In spite of this, many parents and some professionals have concerns about the safety of the vaccines, which may lead to their underuse.
SUMMARY
It is possible to eliminate measles with a high uptake of two doses of measles-containing vaccine, but concerns about safety persist and need to be tackled. More research is required into how to do this effectively and also to elucidate the causes of vaccine failure.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 15864100
DOI: 10.1097/01.qco.0000168383.93647.47