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Viruses Jul 2016Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans... (Review)
Review
Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans and non-human primates. Measles is characterised by fever and skin rash and usually associated with cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. A hallmark of measles is the transient immune suppression, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. At the same time, the disease is paradoxically associated with induction of a robust virus-specific immune response, resulting in lifelong immunity to measles. Identification of CD150 and nectin-4 as cellular receptors for measles virus has led to new perspectives on tropism and pathogenesis. In vivo studies in non-human primates have shown that the virus initially infects CD150⁺ lymphocytes and dendritic cells, both in circulation and in lymphoid tissues, followed by virus transmission to nectin-4 expressing epithelial cells. The abilities of the virus to cause systemic infection, to transmit to numerous new hosts via droplets or aerosols and to suppress the host immune response for several months or even years after infection make measles a remarkable disease. This review briefly highlights current topics in studies of measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Measles virus; Primates
PubMed: 27483301
DOI: 10.3390/v8080210 -
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Jan 1980Measles is one of widely spread virus infections that is a major cause of deaths in some tropical areas. The measles virus is a member of the genus of Morbillivirus of... (Review)
Review
Measles is one of widely spread virus infections that is a major cause of deaths in some tropical areas. The measles virus is a member of the genus of Morbillivirus of the family of Paramyxoviridae. The virions contain six polypeptides, including one glycoprotein; two of them are surface proteins that possess hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities, one of them is polymerase. Replication of the measles virus is similar to that of other Paramyxoviruses. Besides the acute infection for measles virus a persistent infection is characteristic that affects central nervous system and inner organs. Molecular mechanisms of it were studied and the results are discussed to explain the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases in which measles or measles-like virus may be involved.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Cytoplasm; Glycoproteins; Humans; Measles virus; Nucleoproteins; Peptides; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral; Radioimmunoassay; SSPE Virus; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 6988693
DOI: 10.1007/BF00230955 -
Viral Immunology 2002
Topics: Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus
PubMed: 12479390
DOI: 10.1089/088282402760312287 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2009Because viruses are obligate parasites, numerous partnerships between measles virus and cellular molecules can be expected. At the entry level, measles virus uses at... (Review)
Review
Because viruses are obligate parasites, numerous partnerships between measles virus and cellular molecules can be expected. At the entry level, measles virus uses at least two cellular receptors, CD150 and a yet to be identified epithelial receptor to which the virus H protein binds. This dual receptor strategy illuminates the natural infection and inter-human propagation of this lymphotropic virus. The attenuated vaccine strains use CD46 as an additional receptor, which results in a tropism alteration. Surprisingly, the intracellular viral and cellular protein partnership leading to optimal virus life cycle remains mostly a black box, while the interactions between viral proteins that sustain the RNA-dependant RNA polymerase activity (i.e., transcription and replication), the particle assembly and the polarised virus budding are documented. Hsp72 is the only cellular protein that is known to regulate the virus transcription and replication through its interaction with the viral N protein. The viral P protein is phosphorylated by the casein kinase II with undetermined functional consequences. The cellular partnership that controls the intracellular trafficking of viral components, the assembly and/or the budding of measles virus, remains unknown. The virus to cell innate immunity war is better documented. The 5' triphosphate-ended virus leader transcript is recognised by RIG-I, a cellular helicase, and induces the interferon response. Measles virus V protein binds to the MDAS helicase and prevents the MDA5-mediated activation of interferon. By interacting with STAT1 and Jak1, the viral P and V proteins prevent the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) signalling. The virus N protein interacts with eIF3-p40 to inhibit the translation of cellular mRNA. The H protein binds to TLR2, which then transduces an activation signal and CD150 expression in monocytes. The P protein activates the expression of the ubiquitin modifier A20, thus blocking the TLR4-mediated signalling. Few other partnerships between measles virus components and cellular proteins have been postulated or demonstrated, and they need further investigations to understand their physiopathological outcome.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Measles; Measles virus; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Viral Proteins; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 19198566
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_8 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 1994Measles virus is the prototypic member of the Morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The viral genomic RNA is single-stranded, nonsegmented, and of negative... (Review)
Review
Measles virus is the prototypic member of the Morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The viral genomic RNA is single-stranded, nonsegmented, and of negative polarity and encodes six major structural proteins. The two viral transmembrane glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and fusion proteins, are both required for virus-host cell membrane fusion, while attachment to host cells is mediated by the hemagglutinin. The human CD46 molecule has been identified as a cellular receptor for measles virus. Antibodies raised against either viral glycoprotein neutralize measles virus in vitro and protect against infection. Although measles virus remains a single serotype (monotypic), nucleotide sequence analyses have identified distinct lineages among recent wild type isolates. These genetic changes were manifested by detectable antigenic variation between vaccine and wild type viruses and at some point may influence strategies for control, elimination, and eventual eradication of measles virus.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Humans; Measles virus; Phylogeny; Receptors, Virus; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Proteins; Viral Vaccines; Virion
PubMed: 7930749
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/170.supplement_1.s15 -
The Journal of General Virology Oct 2006Measles virus (MV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped virus with a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. It has two... (Review)
Review
Measles virus (MV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped virus with a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. It has two envelope glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (H) and fusion proteins, which are responsible for attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Human signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM; also called CD150), a membrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, acts as a cellular receptor for MV. SLAM is expressed on immature thymocytes, activated lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and regulates production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by CD4+ T cells, as well as production of IL-12, tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide by macrophages. The distribution of SLAM is in accord with the lymphotropism and immunosuppressive nature of MV. Canine distemper virus and Rinderpest virus, other members of the genus Morbillivirus, also use canine and bovine SLAM as receptors, respectively. Laboratory-adapted MV strains may use the ubiquitously expressed CD46, a complement-regulatory molecule, as an alternative receptor through amino acid substitutions in the H protein. Furthermore, MV can infect SLAM- cells, albeit inefficiently, via the SLAM- and CD46-independent pathway, which may account for MV infection of epithelial, endothelial and neuronal cells in vivo. MV infection, however, is not determined entirely by the H protein-receptor interaction, and other MV proteins can also contribute to its efficient growth by facilitating virus replication at post-entry steps. Identification of SLAM as the principal receptor for MV has provided us with an important clue for better understanding of MV tropism and pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Membrane Cofactor Protein; Receptors, Virus
PubMed: 16963735
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82221-0 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Mar 2020Oncolytic viruses (including measles virus) offer an alternative approach to reduce the high mortality rate of late-stage cancer. Several measles virus strains infect... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses (including measles virus) offer an alternative approach to reduce the high mortality rate of late-stage cancer. Several measles virus strains infect and lyse cancer cells efficiently, but the broad application of this therapeutic concept is hindered by the large number of infectious particles required (10-10 TCID per dose). The manufacturing process must, therefore, achieve high titers of oncolytic measles virus (OMV) during upstream production and ensure that the virus product is not damaged during purification by applying appropriate downstream processing (DSP) unit operations. DSP is currently a production bottleneck because there are no specific platforms for OMV. Infectious OMV must be recovered as intact, enveloped particles, and host cell proteins and DNA must be reduced to acceptable levels to meet regulatory guidelines that were developed for virus-based vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Handling such high viral titers and process volumes is technologically challenging and expensive. This review considers the state of the art in OMV purification and looks at promising DSP technologies. We discuss here the purification of other enveloped viruses where such technologies could also be applied to OMV. The development of DSP technologies tailored for enveloped viruses is necessary to produce sufficient titers for virotherapy, which could offer hope to millions of patients suffering from incurable cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cancer Vaccines; Humans; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 31918573
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1709794 -
Bacteriological Reviews Sep 1977
Review
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Interferons; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Multiple Sclerosis; Mutation; Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis; Temperature; Virus Replication
PubMed: 334153
DOI: 10.1128/br.41.3.636-666.1977 -
Viruses Nov 2016The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family , genus , that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize... (Review)
Review
The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family , genus , that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize current molecular advances in MeV research, and emphasize the connection between host cells and MeV replication. Although measles has reemerged recently, the potential for its eradication is promising with significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its replication and host-pathogen interactions.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Measles virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27854326
DOI: 10.3390/v8110308 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020The measles virus replication complex represents a potentially important, but as yet relatively unexplored target for viral inhibition. Little is known about the... (Review)
Review
The measles virus replication complex represents a potentially important, but as yet relatively unexplored target for viral inhibition. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underpin replication and transcription in paramyxoviruses. In recent years it has become clear that conformational dynamics play an important role in paramyxoviral replication, and that a complete understanding of the viral cycle requires a description of the structural plasticity of the different components. Here, we review recent progress in this direction, covering the dynamics of the nucleocapsid assembly process, high resolution structure and dynamics of protein:RNA interactions, and the investigation of the role of intrinsic conformational disorder in pre-assembly nucleoprotein/phosphoprotein complexes. Finally, we discuss the role of viral factories in the form of phase-separated membraneless organelles formed by measles virus phospho and nucleoproteins that promote the assembly of nucleocapsid structures.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Nucleocapsid; Nucleoproteins; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32570195
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.006