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International Journal of Evidence-based... Dec 2017
Review
Topics: Adult; Donepezil; Ginkgo biloba; Humans; Indans; Memantine; Memory Disorders; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroprotective Agents; Nootropic Agents; Phytotherapy; Piperidines; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rivastigmine
PubMed: 28937413
DOI: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000123 -
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2011Disturbances in aspects of memory described in current learning and cognitive theories are much more strongly associated with the presence of psychiatric disorder than... (Review)
Review
Disturbances in aspects of memory described in current learning and cognitive theories are much more strongly associated with the presence of psychiatric disorder than with mere exposure to traumatic events. In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are numerous associated changes that involve memory capacity, the content of memories for trauma, and a variety of memory processes. Whereas some changes appear to reflect the effects of the disorder, other evidence supports a predictive or causal role for memory disturbance. The following aspects of memory are likely to play a causal role in the development or maintenance of PTSD: verbal memory deficits, negative conceptual knowledge concerning the self, overgeneral memory, avoidance or suppression of memories, and negative interpretation of memory symptoms. Other aspects of memory likely to play a causal role that are in addition specific to PTSD are the integration of the trauma with identity, impairment in retrieval of voluntary trauma memories, and increased incidence of sensation-based memories or flashbacks.
Topics: Humans; Memory; Memory Disorders; Memory, Short-Term; Mental Recall; Models, Psychological; Self Concept; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 21219190
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104544 -
Revue Neurologique Jun 2019Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental mental disorder. It can persist in adulthood and be expressed as a cognitive complaint. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental mental disorder. It can persist in adulthood and be expressed as a cognitive complaint.
METHODS
We conducted a descriptive study in a French memory center concerning patients seen over a period of two years. All patients for whom the final diagnosis was ADHD were included. All patients benefited from standard neuropsychological tests and a psychiatric specific consultation.
RESULTS
Thirteen patients were included with an average age of 50.2±19 years. Main complaints related to memory, attention, focusing and organizational functioning. These difficulties had negative social, professional and academic consequences. ADHD history in descendants was noted in 46% of patients. More than 20% of subjects had motor, verbal or mental restlessness. Neuropsychological assessment highlighted impaired performances in executive functions (38%), sustained attention (67%), divided attention (45%), working memory (46%) and information processing speed (75%). A psychiatric history or comorbidities were present in 85% of patients, mostly of the anxio-depressive type. The more prevalent presentations of ADHD were the combined (38%) and inattentive (38%) types.
DISCUSSION
Adult ADHD can masquerade as a cognitive impairment, including a stable cognitive complaint from infancy to old age. Inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive symptoms change with time and become more internalized (such as concentration difficulties or mental restlessness). No neuropsychological pattern has been reported but fluctuating deficits in sustained, divided attention, working memory and information processing speed are frequently observed in adult ADHD. A specific psychiatric expertise is essential in diagnosis and care for ADHD and its commonly associated psychiatric comorbidities.
Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 31056192
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.09.021 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Dec 2013This is an update of the Cochrane review "Pharmacologic treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis" (first published in The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This is an update of the Cochrane review "Pharmacologic treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis" (first published in The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 10).Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated, inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and can cause both neurological and neuropsychological disability. Both demyelination and axonal and neuronal loss are believed to contribute to MS-related cognitive impairment. Memory disorder is one of the most frequent cognitive dysfunctions and presents a considerable burden to people with MS and to society due to the negative impact on function. A number of pharmacological agents have been evaluated in many existing randomised controlled trials for their efficacy on memory disorder in people with MS but the results were not consistent.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the absolute and comparative efficacy, tolerability and safety of pharmacological treatments for memory disorder in adults with MS.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the Central Nervous System Group Trials Register (24 July 2013), PsycINFO (January 1980 to 26 June 2013) and CBMdisc (1978 to 24 June 2013), and checked reference lists of identified articles, searched some relevant journals manually, registers of clinical trials and published abstracts of conference proceedings.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All double-blind, randomised controlled parallel trials on pharmacological treatment versus placebo or one or more pharmacological treatments in adults with MS who had at least mild memory impairment (at 0.5 standard deviations below age- and sex-based normative data on a validated memory scale). We placed no restrictions regarding dose, route of administration and frequency; however, we only included trials with an administration duration of 12 weeks or greater.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We discussed disagreements and resolved them by consensus among review authors. We contacted principal investigators of included studies for additional data or confirmation.
MAIN RESULTS
We included seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving 625 people mostly with relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive and primary-progressive MS, evaluating the absolute efficacy of donepezil, ginkgo biloba, memantine and rivastigmine versus placebo in improving memory performance with diverse assessment scales. Overall, clinical and methodological heterogeneities existed across these studies. Moreover, most of them had methodological limitations on non-specific selections of targeted sample, non-matched variables at baseline or incomplete outcome data (high attrition bias). Only the two studies on donepezil had clinical and methodological homogeneity and relatively low risks for bias. One RCT evaluating estriol versus placebo is currently ongoing.We could not carry out a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneities across studies and the high attrition bias. A subgroup analysis for donepezil versus placebo showed no treatment effects on total recall on the Selective Reminding Test (mean difference (MD) 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.21 to 5.58), total correct scores on the 10/36 Spatial Recall Test (MD -0.93; 95% CI -3.18 to 1.32), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (MD -1.27; 95% CI -3.15 to 0.61) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (2+3 sec) (MD 2.23; 95% CI -1.87 to 6.33). Concerning safety, the main adverse events were: diarrhoea (risk ratio (RR) 3.88; 95% CI 1.66 to 9.05), nausea (RR 1.71; 95% CI 0.93 to 3.18) and abnormal dreams (RR 2.91; 95% CI 1.38 to 6.14). However, the results in both studies were subjected to a serious imprecision resulting from the small sample sizes and the low power of test (lower than 80%), which contributed to a moderate quality of the evidence. No serious adverse events were attributed to the treatments in all experimental groups.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We found no convincing evidence to support the efficacy of pharmacological symptomatic treatment for MS-associated memory disorder because most of available RCTs had a limited quality. Whether pharmacological treatment is effective for memory disorder in patients with MS remains inconclusive. However, there is moderate-quality evidence that donepezil 10 mg daily was not effective in improving memory in MS patients with mild memory impairment, but had a good tolerability. Adverse events such as nausea, diarrhoea and abnormal dreams were not frequent but were associated with treatment. Ginkgo biloba, memantine and rivastigmine were safe and well tolerated and no serious adverse effects were reported. Future large-scale RCTs with higher methodological quality are needed.
Topics: Adult; Donepezil; Ginkgo biloba; Humans; Indans; Memantine; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroprotective Agents; Nootropic Agents; Phenylcarbamates; Phytotherapy; Piperidines; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rivastigmine
PubMed: 24343792
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008876.pub3 -
Memory (Hove, England) 2012Several prominent theories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) posit that peritraumatic dissociation results in insufficient encoding of the trauma memory and that... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Several prominent theories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) posit that peritraumatic dissociation results in insufficient encoding of the trauma memory and that persistent dissociation prevents memory elaboration, resulting in memory fragmentation and PTSD. In this review we summarise the empirical literature on peritraumatic and trait dissociation and trauma narrative fragmentation as measured by meta-memory and rater/objective coding. Across 16 studies to date, the association between dissociation and fragmentation was most prominent when examining peritraumatic dissociation and patient's own ratings of memory fragmentation. This relationship did not hold when examining trait dissociation or rater-coded or computer-generated measures of fragmentation. Thus initial evidence points more towards a strong self-reported association between constructs that is not supported on more objective fragmentation coding. Measurement overlap, construct ambiguity, and exclusion of potential confounds may underlie lack of a strong association between dissociation and objective-rated fragmentation.
Topics: Dissociative Disorders; Humans; Life Change Events; Memory; Memory Disorders; Observer Variation; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 22348400
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2012.655747 -
Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2022Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a genuine obstructing mental disorder. As indicated by the name, it is related to the patients' stress augmented by...
BACKGROUND
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a genuine obstructing mental disorder. As indicated by the name, it is related to the patients' stress augmented by life-threatening conditions or accidents. The PTSD has linked to oxidative stress that can result in neurodegeneration. L-carnitine (L-CAR) is known for its antioxidant properties, which can protect against neuronal damage.
OBJECTIVE
In the current study, we investigated the beneficial effects of L-CAR on the memory impairment induced by PTSD using a rat model.
METHODS
A model of single-prolonged stress (a cycle of restraining, forced swimming, rest, and finally diethyl ether exposure for 2 h, 20 min, 15 min, and 1-2 min, respectively) was used to induce PTSD-like behavior. Intraperitoneal L-CAR treatment (300 mg/kg/day) was introduced for four weeks. Both memory and special learning were evaluated utilizing the radial arm water maze (RAWM). Moreover, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reduced (GSH), and glutathione oxidized (GSSG) were assessed as biomarkers oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
RESULTS
The results demonstrated that both the short and long-term memories were impaired by PTSD/SPS model (P < 0.05), while L-CAR treatment prevented this memory impairment in PTSD rats. Besides, L-CAR prevented the reduction in GPx activity and increase in GSSG, which were altered in the hippocampus of the PTSD/SPS rats (P < 0.05). Levels of GSH were not changed in PTSD and/or L-CAR rats.
CONCLUSIONS
L-CAR administration prevented short- and long-term memories' impairments induced in the PTSD/SPS rat model. This is probably related to its antioxidant effects in the hippocampus.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Carnitine; Disease Models, Animal; Glutathione; Glutathione Disulfide; Hippocampus; Humans; Maze Learning; Memory Disorders; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 34974445
DOI: 10.3233/RNN-211191 -
Psychiatry Research Mar 2018Studies on the nature and extent of prospective memory impairment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are relatively scarce. The present study examined...
Studies on the nature and extent of prospective memory impairment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are relatively scarce. The present study examined prospective memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in comparison to patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Prospective memory was assessed using Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST). Further, the participants were administered Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Tower Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop Test for assessing their planning ability, mental flexibility and cognitive inhibition, respectively. Monitoring was assessed by frequency of clock checking. Results indicated that as compared to healthy controls, the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder performed poorly on both time- and event-based prospective memory tasks, whereas, patients with schizophrenia performed poorly on time-based prospective memory task only. Further, both the patient groups had comparable performance across time- and event-based tasks. Results of error analysis indicated that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder mainly committed no response and task substitution errors, whereas patients with schizophrenia committed no response errors. Except monitoring, none of the neurocognitive variables correlated with time or event-based prospective memory in any group. The findings are discussed in the light of their implications for retraining of prospective memory deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Cognition; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Episodic; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Stroop Test; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Young Adult
PubMed: 29294457
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.032 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jan 2019Cognitive and emotional impairment are a serious consequence of stress exposure and are core features of neurological and psychiatric conditions that involve memory... (Review)
Review
Cognitive and emotional impairment are a serious consequence of stress exposure and are core features of neurological and psychiatric conditions that involve memory disorders. Indeed, acute and chronic stress are high-risk factors for the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), two devastating brain disorders associated with memory dysfunction. Besides the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress response also involves the activation of the opioid system in brain regions associated with stress regulation and memory processing. In this context, it is possible that stress-induced memory disorders may be attributed to alterations in the interaction between the neuroendocrine stress system and the opioid system. In this review, we: (1) describe the effects of acute and chronic stress on memory, and the modulatory role of the opioid system, (2) discuss the contribution of the opioid system to the pathophysiology of PTSD and AD, and (3) present evidence of current and potential therapies that target the opioid receptors to treat PTSD- and AD-associated symptoms.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Humans; Limbic System; Memory Disorders; Opioid Peptides; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 30118823
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.011 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Jun 2015This article highlights the dissociable human memory systems of episodic, semantic, and procedural memory in the context of neurologic illnesses known to adversely... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article highlights the dissociable human memory systems of episodic, semantic, and procedural memory in the context of neurologic illnesses known to adversely affect specific neuroanatomic structures relevant to each memory system.
RECENT FINDINGS
Advances in functional neuroimaging and refinement of neuropsychological and bedside assessment tools continue to support a model of multiple memory systems that are distinct yet complementary and to support the potential for one system to be engaged as a compensatory strategy when a counterpart system fails.
SUMMARY
Episodic memory, the ability to recall personal episodes, is the subtype of memory most often perceived as dysfunctional by patients and informants. Medial temporal lobe structures, especially the hippocampal formation and associated cortical and subcortical structures, are most often associated with episodic memory loss. Episodic memory dysfunction may present acutely, as in concussion; transiently, as in transient global amnesia (TGA); subacutely, as in thiamine deficiency; or chronically, as in Alzheimer disease. Semantic memory refers to acquired knowledge about the world. Anterior and inferior temporal lobe structures are most often associated with semantic memory loss. The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) is the paradigmatic disorder resulting in predominant semantic memory dysfunction. Working memory, associated with frontal lobe function, is the active maintenance of information in the mind that can be potentially manipulated to complete goal-directed tasks. Procedural memory, the ability to learn skills that become automatic, involves the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and supplementary motor cortex. Parkinson disease and related disorders result in procedural memory deficits. Most memory concerns warrant bedside cognitive or neuropsychological evaluation and neuroimaging to assess for specific neuropathologies and guide treatment.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Episodic; Memory, Short-Term; Middle Aged; Nervous System Diseases; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 26039844
DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000466656.59413.29 -
La Revue Du Praticien Dec 2023MEMORY DISEASES. There are many diseases that permanently affect longterm memory and all of them have in common that they permanently and usually bilaterally disrupt...
MEMORY DISEASES. There are many diseases that permanently affect longterm memory and all of them have in common that they permanently and usually bilaterally disrupt specific neural circuits that underlie it. In the forefront is the Papez circuit, or hippocampo-mamillo-thalamo-cingular circuit, which is also connected to the fronto-basal regions. Its impairment leads to disorders of episodic memory, with relative preservation of semantic memory and implicit learning. The anterior temporal pole is a hub allowing access to general knowledge distributed in the cortex. Its damage results in an amnesic picture in which the loss of semantic memory dominates. The richness of memory disorders is largely deduced, in its nuances, from the lesion topographies. The most frequent aetiology of memory diseases is represented by neurodegenerative diseases, dominated by Alzheimer's disease, but the semiology of these is by far not limited to a memory disorder, because of the diffusion of lesions. Dysimmune, infectious or toxic encephalitis affecting the hippocampi, Korsakoff's syndrome affecting the thalamus and mamillary bodies, « semantic dementia » affecting the temporal pole, give pictures where memory disorders are in the foreground with remarkable semiological nuances. Post-traumatic amnesia, due to the heterogeneity of the lesions, offers a more complex picture, where memory disorders are complemented by executive disorders, sometimes major.
Topics: Humans; Memory Disorders; Alzheimer Disease; Knowledge
PubMed: 38294471
DOI: No ID Found