-
Journal of Applied Physiology... Oct 2023The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of sex and menstrual cycle phase on celiac artery blood flow during dynamic exercise in healthy young humans. Eleven...
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of sex and menstrual cycle phase on celiac artery blood flow during dynamic exercise in healthy young humans. Eleven healthy young females (21 ± 2 yr, means ± SD) and 10 males (23 ± 3 yr) performed dynamic knee-extension and -flexion exercises at 30% of heart rate reserve for 4 min. The percent changes from baseline (Δ) for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), mean blood flow (celMBF) in the celiac artery, and celiac vascular conductance (celVC) during exercise were calculated. Arterial blood pressure was measured using an automated sphygmomanometer, and celiac artery blood flow was recorded by Doppler ultrasonography. Female subjects performed the exercise test in the early follicular phase (EF) and in the midluteal phase (ML) of their menstrual cycle. The increase in MAP during exercise was not significantly ( > 0.05) different between sexes or between menstrual cycle phases (ΔMAP, EF in females: +16.6 ± 6.4%, ML in females: +20.2 ± 11.7%, and males: +19.9 ± 12.2%). The celMBF decreased during exercise in each group, but the response was not significantly ( > 0.05) different between sexes or between menstrual cycle phases (ΔcelMBF, EF in females: -24.6 ± 15.5%, ML in females: -25.2 ± 18.7%, and males: -29.2 ± 4.0%). The celVC decreased during dynamic exercise in each group, with no significant ( > 0.05) difference in the responses between sexes or between menstrual cycle phases (ΔcelVC, EF in females: -38.3 ± 15.0%, ML in females: -41.5 ± 19.1%, and males: -43.4 ± 7.2%). These results suggest that sex and menstrual cycle phase have minimal influence on hemodynamic responses in the splanchnic artery during dynamic moderate-intensity exercise in young healthy individuals. During dynamic exercise, splanchnic organ blood flow is reduced from resting values. Whether sex and menstrual cycle phase influence splanchnic blood flow responses during exercise remains unknown. We show that the decrease in celiac artery blood flow during dynamic leg exercise does not differ between young females and males or between menstrual cycle phases. In young individuals, sex and menstrual cycle have minimal influence on splanchnic artery hemodynamic responses during dynamic moderate-intensity leg exercise.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Leg; Celiac Artery; Menstrual Cycle; Hemodynamics; Follicular Phase
PubMed: 37675470
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00472.2023 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 1949
Topics: Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation
PubMed: 18151355
DOI: No ID Found -
Primary Care Sep 1988(1) The normal menstrual cycle depends on hormonal relationships between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary. The mechanisms of hormonal control involve both... (Review)
Review
(1) The normal menstrual cycle depends on hormonal relationships between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary. The mechanisms of hormonal control involve both long-looped feedback control (i.e., E2 feedback to the hypothalamus) and local control (i.e., internal ovary). A hormone may have different effects depending on concentration and timing of appearance during the menstrual cycle. (2) There is a single gonadotropin-releasing hormone that governs both FSH and LH release from the pituitary. FSH and LH release is governed by both the concentration and timing of the hypothalamic-releasing factor, GNRH. (3) The follicular or proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the selective development of a dominant follicle. The follicular phase biochemistry is notable for increasing estradiol production, which inhibits GNRH secretion but increases the gonadotropin pool and prepares the follicle for LH influence by stimulating LH receptors. (4) Ovulation occurs secondary to LH surge triggered by increasing levels of E2 acting in a positive feedback loop on the pituitary. (5) Corpus luteum development is signaled by increasing serum progesterone and is largely an autonomous ovarian phenomenon not subject to a great deal of control by hypothalamic or pituitary hormonal controls, because high levels of progesterone inhibit GNRH and gonadotropins.
Topics: Female; Follicular Phase; Hormones; Humans; Luteal Phase; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation Disturbances; Ovulation; Sports
PubMed: 3054966
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Behavior Therapy and... Sep 2020Immunosuppression is characteristic of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and is accompanied by an adaptive disgust response to reduce contact with pathogens....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Immunosuppression is characteristic of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and is accompanied by an adaptive disgust response to reduce contact with pathogens. However, research has not examined the effects of emotion regulation on disgust during the menstrual cycle. Accordingly, the present study examines the effect of suppression and reappraisal on disgust during the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle.
METHOD
Menstrual cycle phase was estimated in a sample of naturally cycling women (n = 73), and those in the follicular or luteal phase were assigned to suppress or reappraise disgust while watching a disgust-inducing video. Physiological arousal during the video and avoidance of disgust cues in a public restroom after the video were also assessed.
RESULTS
No differences were observed in self-reported disgust to the video between those who suppressed and those who reappraised in the luteal phase. However, women in the follicular phase who suppressed reported less disgust than those who reappraised. The emotion regulation strategies did not influence physiology during the video or avoidance after the video as a function of menstrual cycle phase.
LIMITATIONS
Hormone assay data was not collected to confirm menstrual cycle phase and a relatively small sample of naturally cycling women was used.
CONCLUSIONS
Suppression may be a more effective strategy than reappraisal for reducing verbal disgust in the follicular phase but not in the luteal phase. The implications of these findings for the treatment of disgust-based disorders among women are discussed.
Topics: Disgust; Emotional Regulation; Female; Follicular Phase; Humans; Luteal Phase; Menstrual Cycle; Young Adult
PubMed: 31874370
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101543 -
Endocrine Reviews Aug 2009Menopause is the final step in the process referred to as ovarian ageing. The age related decrease in follicle numbers dictates the onset of cycle irregularity and the... (Review)
Review
Menopause is the final step in the process referred to as ovarian ageing. The age related decrease in follicle numbers dictates the onset of cycle irregularity and the final cessation of menses. The parallel decay in oocyte quality contributes to the gradual decline in fertility and the final occurrence of natural sterility. Endocrine changes mainly relate to the decline in the negative feedback from ovarian factors at the hypothalamo-pituitary unit. The declining cohort of antral follicles with age first results in gradually elevated FSH levels, followed by subsequent stages of overt cycle irregularity. The gradual decline in the size of the antral follicle cohort is best represented by decreasing levels of anti-Mullerian hormone. The variability of ovarian ageing among women is evident from the large variation in age at menopause. The identification of women who have severely decreased ovarian reserve for their age is clinically relevant. Ovarian reserve tests have appeared to be fairly accurate in predicting response to ovarian stimulation in the assisted reproductive technology (ART) setting. The capacity to predict the chances for spontaneous pregnancy or pregnancy after ART appears very limited. As menopause and the preceding decline in oocyte quality seem to have a fixed time interval, tests that predict the age at menopause may be useful to assess individual reproductive lifespan. Especially genetic studies, both addressing candidate gene and genome wide association, have identified several interesting loci of small genetic variation that may determine fetal follicle pool development and subsequent wastage of his pool over time. Improved knowledge of the ovarian ageing mechanisms may ultimately provide tools for prediction of menopause and manipulation of the early steps of folliculogenesis for the purpose of contraception and fertility lifespan extension.
Topics: Aging; Biomarkers; Endocrine Glands; Female; Fertility; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Oocytes; Ovary; Pregnancy
PubMed: 19589949
DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0006 -
American Family Physician Aug 2021
Topics: Disease Management; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation; Menstruation Disturbances
PubMed: 34383457
DOI: No ID Found -
A predictive model for next cycle start date that accounts for adherence in menstrual self-tracking.Journal of the American Medical... Dec 2021The study sought to build predictive models of next menstrual cycle start date based on mobile health self-tracked cycle data. Because app users may skip tracking,...
OBJECTIVE
The study sought to build predictive models of next menstrual cycle start date based on mobile health self-tracked cycle data. Because app users may skip tracking, disentangling physiological patterns of menstruation from tracking behaviors is necessary for the development of predictive models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We use data from a popular menstrual tracker (186 000 menstruators with over 2 million tracked cycles) to learn a predictive model, which (1) accounts explicitly for self-tracking adherence; (2) updates predictions as a given cycle evolves, allowing for interpretable insight into how these predictions change over time; and (3) enables modeling of an individual's cycle length history while incorporating population-level information.
RESULTS
Compared with 5 baselines (mean, median, convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network, and long short-term memory network), the model yields better predictions and consistently outperforms them as the cycle evolves. The model also provides predictions of skipped tracking probabilities.
DISCUSSION
Mobile health apps such as menstrual trackers provide a rich source of self-tracked observations, but these data have questionable reliability, as they hinge on user adherence to the app. By taking a machine learning approach to modeling self-tracked cycle lengths, we can separate true cycle behavior from user adherence, allowing for more informed predictions and insights into the underlying observed data structure.
CONCLUSIONS
Disentangling physiological patterns of menstruation from adherence allows for accurate and informative predictions of menstrual cycle start date and is necessary for mobile tracking apps. The proposed predictive model can support app users in being more aware of their self-tracking behavior and in better understanding their cycle dynamics.
Topics: Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation; Mobile Applications; Reproducibility of Results; Telemedicine
PubMed: 34534312
DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab182 -
Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology... Apr 2004Sex hormones and menstrual cycle effects on ST height have not yet been clearly identified. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Sex hormones and menstrual cycle effects on ST height have not yet been clearly identified.
METHODS
Twenty-two young, healthy women (aged 22-32 years) were included in this study. Twelve-lead ECGs were registered during menses, follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle at baseline, and after double autonomic blockade (DAB). Chest leads V2-V4 and limb leads I and II were chosen for analysis. ST height was measured manually at J-Point and 40 ms after the J-Point, and values were corrected for QRS amplitude (J-Point/QRS, 40 ms/QRS). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze differences in ST height among the three phases of the menstrual cycle. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.
RESULTS
At baseline, ST height, QTc, and T wave amplitude were not significantly different among the three phases of the menstrual cycle. After double autonomic blockade, ST height at 40 ms, J-Point/QRS, and 40 ms/QRS was significantly higher during follicular versus luteal phase (0.152 +/- 0.413 mm versus -0.007 +/- 0.427 mm, P = 0.0059 at 40 ms; -0.001 +/- 0.030 versus -0.015 +/- 0.032, P = 0.0039 at J-Point/QRS; 0.013 +/- 0.031 versus -0.004 +/- 0.032, P = 0.0005 at 40 ms/QRS) as was the QTc. ST height differences at J-Point were not significantly different (-0.046 +/- 0.395 mm follicular, -0.167 +/- 0.448 mm luteal, and -0.083 +/- 0.492 mm menses, P = 0.1014).
CONCLUSION
ST height and QTc varied among the three phases of the menstrual cycle, predominantly after double autonomic blockade. Female sex hormones that vary throughout the menstrual cycle may modulate measures of repolarization.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atropine; Autonomic Nervous System; Electrocardiography; Female; Follicular Phase; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Heart Conduction System; Heart Rate; Humans; Luteal Phase; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation; Propranolol; Reference Values; Women's Health
PubMed: 15084208
DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2004.92530.x -
Evolutionary Psychology : An... Dec 2010Over the last decade, a growing literature has shown that women in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle demonstrate stronger preferences for men with masculine... (Review)
Review
Over the last decade, a growing literature has shown that women in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle demonstrate stronger preferences for men with masculine traits than they do when in the non-fertile phases of the cycle (see Gangestad and Thornhill, 2008 and Jones et al., 2008 for recent reviews). In a recent article, Harris (in press; Sex Roles) failed to replicate this increase in women's preferences for masculine faces when women are near ovulation. Harris represented her study as one of only three studies on the topic, and as the largest of the existing studies. There are, however, many more studies on menstrual cycle shifts in preferences for facial masculinity in the published literature, including one that is 2.5 times larger in size than the Harris study. In this article, we review the evidence for cyclic shifts in mate preferences and related behaviors and discuss weaknesses of Harris's methods. Considered as a whole, the evidence for menstrual cycle shifts in women's preferences and behaviors is compelling, despite the failure of replication reported by Harris.
Topics: Choice Behavior; Face; Female; Humans; Masculinity; Menstrual Cycle; Ovulation; Research Design; Women
PubMed: 22947833
DOI: 10.1177/147470491000800416 -
Journal Des Praticiens; Revue Generale... Jul 1950
Topics: Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation
PubMed: 15437434
DOI: No ID Found