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Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 2003Mentalizing, the process of making sense of mental states in oneself and other persons, plays a central role in psychopathology and psychotherapy. The author explicates...
Mentalizing, the process of making sense of mental states in oneself and other persons, plays a central role in psychopathology and psychotherapy. The author explicates the concept of mentalizing, highlights some factors critical to its development, and illustrates its clinical applications in the domains of trauma and depression.
Topics: Cognition; Depression; Humans; Mental Processes; Psychotherapy; Self Concept; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 14604096
DOI: 10.1521/bumc.67.2.91.23440 -
Annual International Conference of the... 2014This study investigated mental rotation for identical stimuli and mirrored stimuli by both behavior response and event-related desynchronization (ERD) of EEG signals....
This study investigated mental rotation for identical stimuli and mirrored stimuli by both behavior response and event-related desynchronization (ERD) of EEG signals. Results showed that subjects had longer response time for mirrored stimuli than identical stimuli. Beta-band desynchronization appeared in whole brain with the parietal-occipital dominance. The ERD in beta band recovered slowly in an angular order after 450-600 ms of stimulus onset except the sharp rebound in the case of identical stimuli with rotation at 0 °. This temporal difference of beta ERD between the identical and the mirrored stimuli at 0° rotation and the ERD topographic difference in left fronto-parietal regions, together with the behavior difference, may imply an extra flip process in mirrored condition.
Topics: Brain; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Mental Processes; Reaction Time; Young Adult
PubMed: 25571102
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944734 -
Reviews of Oculomotor Research 1985
Review
Topics: Adaptation, Ocular; Humans; Mental Processes; Psychomotor Performance; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular; Visual Perception
PubMed: 3940030
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jun 2022Perception emerges from unconscious probabilistic inference, which guides behaviour in our ubiquitously uncertain environment. Bayesian decision theory is a prominent... (Review)
Review
Perception emerges from unconscious probabilistic inference, which guides behaviour in our ubiquitously uncertain environment. Bayesian decision theory is a prominent computational model that describes how people make rational decisions using noisy and ambiguous sensory observations. However, critical questions have been raised about the validity of the Bayesian framework in explaining the mental process of inference. Firstly, some natural behaviours deviate from Bayesian optimum. Secondly, the neural mechanisms that support Bayesian computations in the brain are yet to be understood. Taking Marr's cross level approach, we review the recent progress made in addressing these challenges. We first review studies that combined behavioural paradigms and modelling approaches to explain both optimal and suboptimal behaviours. Next, we evaluate the theoretical advances and the current evidence for ecologically feasible algorithms and neural implementations in the brain, which may enable probabilistic inference. We argue that this cross-level approach is necessary for the worthwhile pursuit to uncover mechanistic accounts of human behaviour.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Brain; Humans; Mental Processes
PubMed: 35395333
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104649 -
International Journal of Group... 2010Psychotherapy is not about cure, but rather about developing the capacity to suffer-and enjoy-truth. Resistance signifies proximity to unarticulated truths in the...
Psychotherapy is not about cure, but rather about developing the capacity to suffer-and enjoy-truth. Resistance signifies proximity to unarticulated truths in the here-and-now therapeutic situation. I have suggested elsewhere that it is useful to distinguish among various clinical phenomena, usually subsumed under the broad term resistance, specifically, subcategories of rebellion and refusal. In this paper, I elaborate on a narrower, more precise sense of resistance, which I apply to the group situation. As a basic, and ongoing, mental process, resistance always involves symbolizing. Stimulated by psychosocial circumstance, resistance accumulates internally and interpersonally, often preceded by unspecific and unpredictable sources of arousal: not only nonconscious and irrational, but also conscious, environmental, sociopolitical, and interpersonal. In the human struggle to process and integrate difficult and often painful emotional truth, resistance develops, emerges, and evolves; it is communicated and understood within relational contexts.
Topics: Arousal; Awareness; Conflict, Psychological; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Freudian Theory; Group Processes; Humans; Internal-External Control; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Psychotherapy, Group; Social Environment; Symbolism; Theory of Mind; Truth Disclosure
PubMed: 20590432
DOI: 10.1521/ijgp.2010.60.3.313 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Apr 2018It is often said that there are two types of psychological processes: one that is intentional, controllable, conscious, and inefficient, and another that is... (Review)
Review
It is often said that there are two types of psychological processes: one that is intentional, controllable, conscious, and inefficient, and another that is unintentional, uncontrollable, unconscious, and efficient. Yet, there have been persistent and increasing objections to this widely influential dual-process typology. Critics point out that the 'two types' framework lacks empirical support, contradicts well-established findings, and is internally incoherent. Moreover, the untested and untenable assumption that psychological phenomena can be partitioned into two types, we argue, has the consequence of systematically thwarting scientific progress. It is time that we as a field come to terms with these issues. In short, the dual-process typology is a convenient and seductive myth, and we think cognitive science can do better.
Topics: Consciousness; Humans; Intention; Mental Processes; Unconscious, Psychology
PubMed: 29571664
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.001 -
Experimental Psychology May 2021Studies of unconscious mental processes often compare a performance measure (e.g., some assessment of perception or memory) with a measure of awareness (e.g., a verbal...
Studies of unconscious mental processes often compare a performance measure (e.g., some assessment of perception or memory) with a measure of awareness (e.g., a verbal report or forced-choice response) of the critical cue or contingency taken either concurrently or separately. The resulting patterns of bivariate data across participants lend themselves to several analytic approaches for inferring the existence of unconscious mental processes, but it is rare for researchers to consider the underlying generative processes that might cause these patterns. We show that bivariate data are generally insufficient to discriminate single-process models, with a unitary latent process determining both performance and awareness, from dual-process models, comprising distinct latent processes for performance and awareness. Future research attempting to isolate and investigate unconscious processes will need to employ richer types of data and analyses.
Topics: Awareness; Humans; Mental Processes; Unconscious, Psychology
PubMed: 34435511
DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000517 -
Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) May 2023Much research finds that lying takes longer than truth-telling. Yet, the source of this response time difference remains elusive. Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal...
Much research finds that lying takes longer than truth-telling. Yet, the source of this response time difference remains elusive. Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal evolution of electrical brain activity during honesty and dishonesty in 150 participants using a sophisticated electrical neuroimaging approach-the microstate approach. This uniquely positioned us to identify and contrast the entire chain of mental processes involved during honesty and dishonesty. Specifically, we find that the response time difference is the result of an additional late-occurring mental process, unique to dishonest decisions, interrupting the antecedent mental processing. We suggest that this process inhibits the activation of the truth, thus permitting the execution of the lie. These results advance our understanding of dishonesty and clarify existing theories about the role of increased cognitive load. More broadly, we demonstrate the vast potential of our approach to illuminate the temporal organization of mental processes involved in decision-making.
Topics: Humans; Deception; Mental Processes; Neuroimaging; Reaction Time
PubMed: 36758947
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac535 -
Journal of Emergency Management... 2023This article is a review of literature focused on how human beings process information under stress. Three major theories on information processing are reviewed: cue... (Review)
Review
This article is a review of literature focused on how human beings process information under stress. Three major theories on information processing are reviewed: cue utilization theory, attentional control theory, and working memory capacity theory. Different conditions that can cause an individual to feel stress are examined, how stress affects information processing, ways which stress may be beneficial, and different ways to mitigate stress, so they may process information more accurately and efficiently. Throughout the article, examples of how stress can affect incident commanders responding to a disaster situation are used to illustrate research findings.
Topics: Humans; Mental Processes; Memory, Short-Term; Disasters
PubMed: 37270413
DOI: 10.5055/jem.0756 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Nov 2007The most widely used (and taught) protocols for strategic analysis-Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Porter's (1980) Five Force Framework for... (Review)
Review
The most widely used (and taught) protocols for strategic analysis-Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Porter's (1980) Five Force Framework for industry analysis-have been found to be insufficient as stimuli for strategy creation or even as a basis for further strategy development. We approach this problem from a neurocognitive perspective. We see profound incompatibilities between the cognitive process-deductive reasoning-channeled into the collective mind of strategists within the formal planning process through its tools of strategic analysis (i.e., rational technologies) and the essentially inductive reasoning process actually needed to address ill-defined, complex strategic situations. Thus, strategic analysis protocols that may appear to be and, indeed, are entirely rational and logical are not interpretable as such at the neuronal substrate level where thinking takes place. The analytical structure (or propositional representation) of these tools results in a mental dead end, the phenomenon known in cognitive psychology as functional fixedness. The difficulty lies with the inability of the brain to make out meaningful (i.e., strategy-provoking) stimuli from the mental images (or depictive representations) generated by strategic analysis tools. We propose decreasing dependence on these tools and conducting further research employing brain imaging technology to explore complex data handling protocols with richer mental representation and greater potential for strategy creation.
Topics: Animals; Cognition; Decision Making, Organizational; Humans; Memory; Mental Processes; Organizational Culture; Planning Techniques
PubMed: 17804524
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1412.012