-
Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego 2002Mental retardation (MR) is a symptom in a large group of clinical conditions and affects around 3% of the population. MR is divided into syndromic, if it is... (Review)
Review
Mental retardation (MR) is a symptom in a large group of clinical conditions and affects around 3% of the population. MR is divided into syndromic, if it is characterized by distinctive clinical features and nonspecific when mental retardation is the only defining manifestation. Although genetic causes of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) are heterogenous and complex, recent findings have led to the identification of an increasing number of genes involved in these conditions. Eight genes involved in nonspecific X-linked mental retardation have been identified so far, including FMR2, GDI1, OPHN1, PAK3, ARHGEF6, IL1RAPL, TM4SF2, and FACL4. Four other MECP2, RSK2, ARX, ATR-X are involved in syndromic and nonspecific forms of MR. Recent research has shown that these genes encode for proteins involved in signaling pathways which regulate cytoskeleton organization, synaptic vesicle transport and establishment of connections between neuronal cells. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of crucial processes for the development of intellectual and cognitive functions.
Topics: Chromosomes, Human, X; Genetic Linkage; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Pedigree; Point Mutation; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Syndrome
PubMed: 12810981
DOI: No ID Found -
Mental Retardation Dec 1994Fostering and improving the social relationships of individuals with disabilities have become recognized as legitimate roles for service providers. This is, in part, a... (Review)
Review
Fostering and improving the social relationships of individuals with disabilities have become recognized as legitimate roles for service providers. This is, in part, a logical outgrowth of a shift from services that emphasized health, safety, and skill development to services whose mission is seen as also including "lifestyle support." In this paper we reviewed ways in which social life has been conceptualized and measured and suggested how such concepts might be integrated into a comprehensive model to spur research and development benefitting individuals with mental retardation.
Topics: Humans; Intellectual Disability; Interpersonal Relations; Social Adjustment; Social Support; Sociometric Techniques
PubMed: 7854132
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue D'epidemiologie Et de Sante... 1993With the aim of studying whether improved prenatal and perinatal care would lead to a decrease in the prevalence of severe mental retardation and/or in Down syndrome,... (Review)
Review
With the aim of studying whether improved prenatal and perinatal care would lead to a decrease in the prevalence of severe mental retardation and/or in Down syndrome, handicapped children born in 1972, 1976 and 1981 and residing in 14 French "departements" were systematically registered in 1985-86 and 1989 in collaboration with the "Commissions Départementales de l'Education Spéciale" (CDES), which centralizes requests for specialty services. The findings showed a stable rates of Down's Syndrome (0.7 p. 1000 in 1972, 0.8 p. 1000 in 1976 and 0.9 p. 1000 in 1981) and of severe mental retardation (1.6 p. 1000 in 1972, 1.5 p. 1000 in 1976 and 1.6 p. 1000 in 1981) in the three generations among children below the age of 9 years. The survey shows that implementation of perinatal health care programs starting in the 1970s, had not been followed by a decrease of severe mental retardation prevalence or Down syndrome prevalence across the three generations 1972, 1976 and 1981.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Down Syndrome; France; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Prenatal Care; Prevalence
PubMed: 8465064
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel... 1995
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male
PubMed: 7780557
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue... Sep 2002There are few Canadian prevalence studies of mental retardation (MR); those that do exist were conducted prior to the era of community integration. We undertook a...
OBJECTIVES
There are few Canadian prevalence studies of mental retardation (MR); those that do exist were conducted prior to the era of community integration. We undertook a population-based study to explore mental health disturbances in young persons with MR. The first requirement was to identify a population with MR and to establish its prevalence. Here, we report data on the prevalence of MR in a population aged 14 to 20 years.
METHOD
We conducted the study in the Niagara Region of Ontario, which has a population base of around 400,000. Researchers worked closely with schools and with agencies providing services to persons with MR to identify the study group. We confirmed the functioning level of participants through standard tests of nonverbal intelligence and receptive language; teachers and other service personnel provided information relevant to the estimation of nonparticipants' functioning level.
RESULTS
We identified 255 individuals as having MR (IQ < or = 75). Of these, 171 chose to participate (defined as "participants with MR"; the remaining 84 were "nonparticipants with MR"). Thus, the participation rate was 67% (171/255). Participants and nonparticipants with MR did not differ on age, sex, or IQ, although there were more nonparticipants in the lower social strata. Overall prevalence for MR was 7.18/1000. For mild mental retardation (MMR; that is, IQ = 50 to 75), prevalence was 3.54/1000, and for severe mental retardation (SMR; that is, IQ < 50), it was 3.64/1000.
CONCLUSIONS
Our prevalence estimate for SMR is similar to rates from previous studies conducted worldwide. Our estimate for MMR parallels the lower rates found in Scandinavian countries and contrasts with the higher rates generally reported in the US.
Topics: Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Male; Ontario
PubMed: 12355677
DOI: 10.1177/070674370204700707 -
American Journal of Mental Deficiency Jan 1985Prevalence and incidence of all levels of mental retardation were investigated in the population of British Columbia. Ascertainment was through the British Columbia...
Prevalence and incidence of all levels of mental retardation were investigated in the population of British Columbia. Ascertainment was through the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. The minimum prevalence for all levels of retardation among the 15- to 29-year age group, where ascertainment was best, was 7.7 per 1,000 (8.8 per 1,000 males, 6.6 per 1,000 females). Minimum ascertainment (incidence) of retardation in the 1952 to 1966 birth cohort was 9.3 per 1,000 livebirths (9.9 per 1,000 males, 8.6 per 1,000 females). Data were also presented on lagtime (time from birth until a retarded person is identified in association with the level of functioning and the presence or absence of disabilities in addition to mental retardation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; British Columbia; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Male; Registries; Sex Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 3976730
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychological Reports Jun 2004The aim of this research was to study the psychological effects of disorders such as schizophrenia and depression associated with mental retardation. The Rorschach...
The aim of this research was to study the psychological effects of disorders such as schizophrenia and depression associated with mental retardation. The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were administered to a group of 97 subjects (52 women and 45 men) ages 15:10 yr. to 36:6 yr. (M=21:5, SD=5:3). The subjects were divided into four subgroups according to the presence or absence of mental retardation and psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia versus depression). The quality of the perception in Rorschach responses and the ErlebnisTypus scores differentiated psychotic and depressed subjects well. These disorders, when associated with mental retardation, make impairment of perceptual performance worse. The interaction between Axis I mental disorders (according to DSM-IV diagnosis) and mental retardation, an Axis II disorder, is discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Psychometrics; Psychopathology; Reproducibility of Results; Rorschach Test; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Wechsler Scales
PubMed: 15362410
DOI: 10.2466/pr0.94.3c.1313-1321 -
Journal of the Indian Medical... May 2000Affective disorders in all forms do occur in persons with mental retardation. The presence and degree of mental retardation modify manifestations of these disorders.... (Review)
Review
Affective disorders in all forms do occur in persons with mental retardation. The presence and degree of mental retardation modify manifestations of these disorders. Diagnosis is difficult because of the absence of classical manifestations and frequent occurrence of inter-episode behaviour disturbances. Response to treatment may not be as favourable as in their normal counterparts.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Mood Disorders
PubMed: 11002623
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Mental Retardation... 1993The coexistence of epilepsy in individuals with mental retardation and mental illness is common. Little is known about whether individuals with all three conditions do...
The coexistence of epilepsy in individuals with mental retardation and mental illness is common. Little is known about whether individuals with all three conditions do significantly worse on inpatient units compared to persons with mental retardation and psychiatric disorder but without a seizure diagnosis. During 62 consecutive months, 247 individuals with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders were discharged from a university hospital. A review of discharge summaries yielded 39 individuals with a seizure diagnosis. The only difference between the groups with and without seizures was level of mental retardation. No differences existed with regard to length of stay, transfer to state hospital, psychiatric co-morbidity, or medical illness. Although it is sometimes difficult for many individuals with mental retardation to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital during exacerbations of mental illness, they should not be further stigmatized by presence of a seizure diagnosis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Epilepsy; Female; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Discharge; Patient Transfer
PubMed: 8352924
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 1983
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Greenland; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Inuit; Male
PubMed: 6857785
DOI: No ID Found