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Behavior Modification Sep 2004Functional assessment has significantly improved the success of behavioral treatment of problem behaviors in adults with mental retardation. Functional assessment... (Review)
Review
Functional assessment has significantly improved the success of behavioral treatment of problem behaviors in adults with mental retardation. Functional assessment methods (i.e., techniques that yield a hypothesis of functional relationships) include direct observation, interviews, and checklists. Functional analysis consists of empirical methods that demonstrate behavioral function in controlled settings. Each method has advantages and limitations that reflect differences in both available resources and individual client characteristics. These methods and issues are reviewed, and future directions for both the research field and the adult population are suggested.
Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Interpersonal Relations; Mental Disorders; Personality Assessment; Social Environment
PubMed: 15296523
DOI: 10.1177/0145445503259834 -
Research in Developmental Disabilities 1993Literature pertaining to noncompliant behavior of people with mental retardation was reviewed. Noncompliant behavior was considered in terms of antecedents... (Review)
Review
Literature pertaining to noncompliant behavior of people with mental retardation was reviewed. Noncompliant behavior was considered in terms of antecedents (characteristics of instructions), behaviors (characteristics of tasks being refused), and consequences (environmental results of noncompliance). Literature pertaining to nondisabled "oppositional" children was incorporated along with literature pertaining to persons with mental retardation. Research involving antecedent conditions suggested that noncompliance is more likely when instructions are vague and interrupted with other instructions. It also suggested that a series of high probability requests could enhance compliance to a subsequent low probability request. Research into behavior variables suggested that noncompliance is more likely when task demands are too difficult. Research into consequent conditions indicates that either positive or negative reinforcement may maintain noncompliant behavior. Treatment studies suggested that oppositional children respond poorly to verbal reward alone and somewhat better to tangible rewards and to programs utilizing timeout. By contrast, noncompliance by people with mental retardation appears to respond well to programs utilizing combinations of social and tangible rewards, but results also suggest that results of timeout programs are mixed. Implications for treatment were discussed along with suggestions for future research.
Topics: Behavior Therapy; Child; Cooperative Behavior; Education of Intellectually Disabled; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Treatment Refusal
PubMed: 8469803
DOI: 10.1016/0891-4222(93)90014-b -
ASDC Journal of Dentistry For Children 2001Children with mental retardation may also suffer from the dual condition of mental health problems. As a result of deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming of many of... (Review)
Review
Children with mental retardation may also suffer from the dual condition of mental health problems. As a result of deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming of many of these youngsters, an increasing number reside in our communities and are dependent upon local dentists for services. A review of the complicating realities of these comorbidities is presented.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Dental Care for Children; Dental Care for Disabled; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Mental Disorders; Prevalence; United States
PubMed: 11985201
DOI: No ID Found -
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Jul 2001Mental retardation or intellectual disability is a heterogeneous group of disorders of the human brain affecting 2-3% of the general population. It is becoming evident... (Review)
Review
Mental retardation or intellectual disability is a heterogeneous group of disorders of the human brain affecting 2-3% of the general population. It is becoming evident that a large proportion of mental retardation is genetically determined, which means that it can be molecularly defined and thus precisely diagnosed. Building knowledge and understanding about molecular processes leading to 'malfunction of human brain' will clearly bring benefits to patient management, disease prevention and ultimately disease treatment and will also assist in tackling much harder questions of the molecular basis of human cognitive ability. In this review the current knowledge of the molecular genetics of X-chromosome-linked mental retardation and its nonspecific forms in particular is discussed, together with limitations affecting diagnosis and likely new approaches that need to be implemented.
Topics: Genotype; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Mutation; Phenotype; X Chromosome
PubMed: 11901817
DOI: 10.1586/14737159.1.2.220 -
Clinical Neuropharmacology Aug 1993This review assesses the efficacy and specificity of psychotropic medications used to control aberrant behavior in persons with mental retardation. It is concluded that... (Review)
Review
This review assesses the efficacy and specificity of psychotropic medications used to control aberrant behavior in persons with mental retardation. It is concluded that neuroleptics, the most widely used psychotropic agents in this population, suppress aberrant behavior, but do so by suppressing behavior generally. An exception to this conclusion is that it may be possible to selectively suppress stereotyped behavior with neuroleptics. In addition, the empirical evidence indicates that, in some persons with mental retardation, opioid antagonists and methylphenidate are useful therapies for self-injurious behavior and hyperactivity, respectively. Lithium and beta-blockers are potentially useful for treating aggression.
Topics: Behavior; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Psychotropic Drugs; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 8374912
DOI: 10.1097/00002826-199308000-00001 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Aug 1992A review of the advances in diagnostic techniques for evaluation of children with idiopathic mental retardation is presented. The current status of the use of clinical... (Review)
Review
A review of the advances in diagnostic techniques for evaluation of children with idiopathic mental retardation is presented. The current status of the use of clinical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and neuroimaging in evaluating children with mental retardation is emphasized. Special attention is given to the evaluation of children with mental retardation and "autism" or "cerebral palsy."
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male
PubMed: 1635812
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38381-x -
American Journal of Mental Retardation... 1993
Review
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Epilepsy; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Patient Care Team; Social Adjustment
PubMed: 8352918
DOI: No ID Found -
Primary Care Jun 2007Mental retardation or MR (current term, intellectual disability [ID]) is a label used to describe a constellation of symptoms that includes severe deficits or... (Review)
Review
Mental retardation or MR (current term, intellectual disability [ID]) is a label used to describe a constellation of symptoms that includes severe deficits or limitations in an individual's developmental skills in several areas or domains of function: cognitive, language, motor, auditory, psychosocial, moral judgment, and specific integrative adaptive (ie, activities of daily living). This article reviews concepts of ID in children and adolescents useful for the primary care clinician who cares for these individuals. The majority of youth with ID can live independent or semi-independent lives as adults if they have received the appropriate personalized support over a sustained period of their lives, especially during the formative years.
Topics: Adolescent; Behavioral Medicine; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Disability Evaluation; Family Practice; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence Tests; Pediatrics; Prevalence; Primary Health Care; Prognosis; Psychometrics
PubMed: 17666233
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2007.04.010 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2004
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Intellectual Disability
PubMed: 15505741
DOI: No ID Found -
Research in Developmental Disabilities 1991Data obtained on a sample of persons with mild to profound degrees of mental retardation (N = 8255) and ranging from birth to 98 years of age were factor analyzed to... (Review)
Review
Data obtained on a sample of persons with mild to profound degrees of mental retardation (N = 8255) and ranging from birth to 98 years of age were factor analyzed to provide information on the structure of maladaptive behavior relative to age and degree of mental retardation. Using the Problem Behavior scales of the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning, two principal factors emerged for children with mild to profound degrees of retardation: Internalized Maladaptive and Externalized Maladaptive. For adolescents and young adults, a three-factor solution which varied by degree of retardation was most appropriate. For middle and older adults, three- and four-factor solutions were identified across all ages and degrees of retardation. Across all samples as many as six different types of dimensions were identified, indicating that the structure of maladaptive behavior may well be influenced by age and level of mental retardation.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Social Adjustment
PubMed: 2057618
DOI: 10.1016/0891-4222(91)90005-d