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American Journal of Mental Retardation... Jul 1994Animal models of the cognitive deficiency states of mental retardation per se are underutilized. A general learning impairment model and a reasoning/insight model, both... (Review)
Review
Animal models of the cognitive deficiency states of mental retardation per se are underutilized. A general learning impairment model and a reasoning/insight model, both in rats, were reviewed for parallels to theories of human cognitive deficiency. Predictions were made for the relevance to human mental retardation. Although the parallel development of human mental deficiency research and animal cognition research has precluded substantial benefits at this time, a wider reading of the animal literature by human mental retardation researchers would benefit both animal cognition research and human mental retardation research.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Learning Disabilities; Maze Learning; Problem Solving; Rats; Research
PubMed: 7946253
DOI: No ID Found -
Archivos de Neurobiologia 1987
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 3310951
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Mar 2004To determine the diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in a cohort of children with mental retardation of unknown origin.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in a cohort of children with mental retardation of unknown origin.
METHODS
Neuroimaging was performed in a total of 47 patients with developmental delay/mental retardation, where no etiologic diagnosis could be made following clinical examination and preliminary investigations.
RESULTS
Thirty (63.82%) children had abnormal neuroimaging findings of which 19 (42.42%) were specific abnormalities useful in arriving at etiological diagnosis. Positive outcome of neuroimaging increased with the severity of mental retardation and in presence of microcephaly and neurologic deficits other than mental retardation.
CONCLUSION
Neuroimaging should be the standard clinical practice for a child with global developmental delay where no cause is apparent after examination and relevant investigations.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 15080405
DOI: 10.1007/BF02724269 -
Research in Developmental Disabilities 2005Since their introduction, antipsychotic medications have been used widely to treat conditions other than psychiatric disorders, especially among individuals with mental... (Review)
Review
Since their introduction, antipsychotic medications have been used widely to treat conditions other than psychiatric disorders, especially among individuals with mental retardation. Researchers have shown that the prevalence rates of psychotropic medication prescriptions among this population are extremely high. Given the limited empirical data to support the use of psychotropic medications, specifically antipsychotics, among individuals with mental retardation, this trend is a cause for concern. This review was undertaken in an effort to summarize the available studies regarding the use of the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone among individuals with mental retardation and provide a resource for clinicians, care givers, and parents. Based on the results of this review, the effectiveness of risperidone in targeting psychopathology and challenging behaviors for individuals with mental retardation is questionable at present.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antipsychotic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Risperidone
PubMed: 15668072
DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2004.07.001 -
Epilepsia 1997Epilepsy is a common occurrence in persons with mental retardation. The application of recent advances in epilepsy research to patients with mental retardation has shown... (Review)
Review
Epilepsy is a common occurrence in persons with mental retardation. The application of recent advances in epilepsy research to patients with mental retardation has shown that well-accepted principles of management are as relevant for multiply handicapped people as for those with epilepsy alone. Quality enhancement is emphasized as the overarching concept that determines the quality of care provided to patients with epilepsy and mental retardation. This article reviews the comprehensive management of epilepsy, discusses what is known at present, and indicates what is not known and needs further research.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Comprehensive Health Care; Epilepsy; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Patient Care Team; Quality of Health Care; Quality of Life
PubMed: 9240238
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb04536.x -
Anales de Pediatria (Barcelona, Spain :... Nov 2008Different studies show that mental retardation affects 1-3% of the population, and in about 50 % of the cases the aetiology is unknown. The uncertainty on the aetiology,... (Review)
Review
Different studies show that mental retardation affects 1-3% of the population, and in about 50 % of the cases the aetiology is unknown. The uncertainty on the aetiology, and recurrence, means that prevention of mental retardation can have serious, therapeutic, social, and even economic repercussions. The key is to obtain an accurate diagnosis, proving a clinical hypothesis by the accomplishment of the most suitable genetic tests. Due to the increasing development of the technology in the field of the genetics, and the availability of new tests, this article reviews the criteria established in the practice guidelines from different scientific societies (paediatric, neurological and genetic) with respect to their use in diagnosis and integrates them from the point of view of their use in mental retardation and developmental delay.
Topics: Algorithms; Child; Clinical Protocols; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Intellectual Disability
PubMed: 19128747
DOI: 10.1157/13128001 -
Pediatric Annals Feb 1978
Topics: Education of Intellectually Disabled; Humans; Intellectual Disability
PubMed: 564500
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Mental Retardation... Nov 1987Recent epidemiological studies of mental retardation were critically reviewed. Data pertaining to prevalence, associated disorders, and etiology were examined. The... (Review)
Review
Recent epidemiological studies of mental retardation were critically reviewed. Data pertaining to prevalence, associated disorders, and etiology were examined. The prevalence both of severe and of mild retardation is generally found to be 3 to 4 per 1,000, although estimates vary with gender, age, and method of ascertainment (e.g., data derived from total population screening yield even higher rates). A wide range of disorders were found to be associated with mental retardation. The etiology of up to 50% of cases was unknown. Of those remaining, prenatal factors were implicated about twice as often as peri- or postnatal factors. Discussion was focused on the implications of current findings for future research.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Intellectual Disability
PubMed: 3322329
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista de Neurologia Jan 2006The study of mental retardation (MR) is one of the most complex fields in human genetics, due to the fact that it presents a very high degree of clinical and genetic... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The study of mental retardation (MR) is one of the most complex fields in human genetics, due to the fact that it presents a very high degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and both the genetic bases and the environmental factors that act upon them are extremely complex. At the present time almost half of the cases of MR remain undiagnosed. AIM. To present a protocol for laboratory work using the technology that is currently available to reach a diagnosis of MR.
DEVELOPMENT
The first step is to evaluate the patient with a thorough clinical examination and by obtaining information about the personal and family history. A suspected diagnosis of one or several syndromes that involve MR must be confirmed, if possible, in the laboratory with the appropriate technique. In cases of MR with no clinical suspicion of any specific syndrome, three tests must be conducted: karyotype, molecular study of the expansion of CGG in the FMR1 gene, and study of the subtelomeric regions. If the study is negative and we are dealing with a familial case with a suitable structure, a linkage study must be performed. As far as sporadic cases are concerned, it is difficult to advance in a routine manner although some tests allow screening several genes determinations to be carried out on several genes at the same time. Other techniques permit to investigate in greater depth, such as screening for genes responsible for non-specific X-linked MR or CGH-arrays (arrays based on compared genomic hybridisation) for the whole genome or for a particular chromosome. At the present time, however, such techniques are limited to research projects or very special cases.
CONCLUSIONS
We propose a study protocol and highlight the importance of its use to obtain maximum performance in order to reach a diagnosis that allows us to give genetic counselling and offer a prenatal diagnosis for future generations.
Topics: Child; Clinical Protocols; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Mental Retardation, X-Linked
PubMed: 16506123
DOI: No ID Found -
Behavior Modification Sep 2004Seizures can be debilitating across a number of physical, social, occupational, and personal variables. Given the deficits in all of these areas frequently present in... (Review)
Review
Seizures can be debilitating across a number of physical, social, occupational, and personal variables. Given the deficits in all of these areas frequently present in persons with mental retardation, effective assessment and subsequent treatment of seizures is a primary goal for individuals with both mental retardation and epilepsy. To thoroughly address the behavioral domains related to seizures in persons with mental retardation and epilepsy, areas of assessment should include seizure behavior, triggering stimuli, reinforcing consequences, and antiepileptic medication side effects. Assessment of these areas in this population often deviates from methods typically used with persons of normal intelligence. Specifically, direct behavioral observation and third-party report with structured interviews are the most viable and accessible means of assessment, and efforts to establish reliable and valid protocols have been successful in some areas. This article reviews this assessment methodology and discusses the extant issues in establishing and proliferating such approaches.
Topics: Behavior Therapy; Brain Damage, Chronic; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epilepsy; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Patient Care Team; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 15296525
DOI: 10.1177/0145445503259839