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Biochemical heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell populations: clues to their therapeutic efficacy.Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Dec 2007Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were initially identified by their capacity to differentiate into connective tissue cell types. In the past decade MSCs were also shown to... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were initially identified by their capacity to differentiate into connective tissue cell types. In the past decade MSCs were also shown to exhibit unexpected plasticity, which was thought to account for their broad therapeutic efficacy in animal models of disease and human clinical trials. More recent evidence indicates that their capacity to alter the microenvironment via secretion of soluble factors contributes more significantly than their plasticity in effecting tissue repair. However, the production by MSCs of a diverse array of trophic factors is inconsistent with their designation as stem cells, which by definition lie at the apex of a hierarchy of cellular differentiation and lineage specification. Analysis of the MSC transcriptome has led to the identification of sub populations that express a variety of regulatory proteins that function in angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, neural activities, and immunity and defense. These activities reflect the varied functions of distinct stromal subtypes in marrow that play important roles in tissue homeostasis. Evidence is provided that the biochemical heterogeneity of these subpopulations contributes more significantly to the therapeutic potential of MSCs than their stem-like characteristics.
Topics: Animals; Cell Lineage; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Neovascularization, Physiologic
PubMed: 18000405
DOI: 10.4161/cc.6.23.5095 -
Anatomical Science International Mar 2012Mesenchymal cell populations, referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), which include bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), umbilical cord... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal cell populations, referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), which include bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), umbilical cord stromal cells and adipose stromal cells (ASCs), participate in tissue repair when transplanted into damaged or degenerating tissues. The trophic support and immunomodulation provided by MSCs can protect against tissue damage, and the differentiation potential of these cells may help to replace lost cells. MSCs are easily accessible and can be expanded on a large scale. In addition, BMSCs and ASCs can be harvested from the patient himself. Thus, MSCs are considered promising candidates for cell therapy. In this review, I will discuss recently discovered high-efficiency induction systems for deriving Schwann cells and neurons from MSCs. Other features of MSCs that are important for tissue repair include the self-renewing property of stem cells and their potential for differentiation. Thus, I will also discuss the stemness of MSCs and describe the discovery of a certain stem cell type among adult MSCs that can self-renew and differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Furthermore, I will explore the prospects of using this cell population for cell therapy.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Induction; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 22237924
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-011-0128-4 -
European Journal of Medical Genetics Feb 2018Epigenetic factors are known to play a major role in determining stem cell fate and differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cells are the most studied population of stem cells... (Review)
Review
Epigenetic factors are known to play a major role in determining stem cell fate and differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cells are the most studied population of stem cells due to their important applications in experimental biology and regenerative medicine. After a brief overview on mesenchymal stem cells, this review aims to highlight the role of epigenetic changes on mesenchymal stem cells biology and differentiation protocols with a focus on osteocytic, chondrocytic and adipocytic differentiation. Chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression will be investigated. The impact of epigenetics on transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells will also be discussed. Indeed, epigenetic modulation appears to constitute a promising experimental target in stem cell basic and translational research.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Histone Code; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 29079547
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.10.015 -
Revista de Investigacion Clinica;... 2006In the last years, stem cells have drawn the attention of various sectors of society for many reasons. From the basic point of view, stem cells represent an ideal model... (Review)
Review
In the last years, stem cells have drawn the attention of various sectors of society for many reasons. From the basic point of view, stem cells represent an ideal model to study cell differentiation and self-renewal mechanisms. However, their potential in cell therapy and regenerative medicine has triggered the increasing amount of knowledge in this area. Mesenchymal stem cells belong to the select group of adult stem cells. They have differentiation potential towards mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, stroma and fat. Recently, both in vivo and in vitro reports have shown a greater plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells, showing not only a mesenchymal cell fate but also those leading to endothelial, nervous and muscular lineages. For these reasons, the study of mesenchymal stem cells has gained great interest and many articles have been published. In the present review, we have presented a global vision of this topic, including its history, biologic features, sources, isolation methods and an overview on their clinical application.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 17408111
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Dec 2008Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult somatic tissues may differentiate in vitro and in vivo into multiple mesodermal tissues including bone, cartilage, adipose... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult somatic tissues may differentiate in vitro and in vivo into multiple mesodermal tissues including bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, tendon, ligament or even muscle. MSCs preferentially home to damaged tissues where they exert their therapeutic potential. A striking feature of the MSCs is their low inherent immunogenicity as they induce little, if any, proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Instead, MSCs appear to be immunosuppressive in vitro. Their multilineage differentiation potential coupled to their immuno-privileged properties is being exploited worldwide for both autologous and allogeneic cell replacement strategies. Here, we introduce the readers to the biology of MSCs and the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance. We then outline potential cell replacement strategies and clinical applications based on the MSCs immunological properties. Ongoing clinical trials for graft-versus-host-disease, haematopoietic recovery after co-transplantation of MSCs along with haematopoietic stem cells and tissue repair are discussed. Finally, we review the emerging area based on the use of MSCs as a target cell subset for either spontaneous or induced neoplastic transformation and, for modelling non-haematological mesenchymal cancers such as sarcomas.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Models, Biological
PubMed: 19210755
DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00516.x -
Journal of the American College of... Apr 2017
Topics: Heart; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Myocardium
PubMed: 28385313
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.013 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019Bone marrow environments are composed of multiple cell types, most of which are thought to be derived from mesenchymal stem cells. In mouse bone marrow, stromal cells... (Review)
Review
Bone marrow environments are composed of multiple cell types, most of which are thought to be derived from mesenchymal stem cells. In mouse bone marrow, stromal cells with CD45 Tie2 CD90 CD51 CD105 phenotype, Nestin-GFP, CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells, PDGFRα Sca-1 or CD51 PDGFRα, and Prx-1-derived CD45 Ter119 PDGFRα Sca-1 populations select for MSC activity. There is evidence that these stromal cell populations display some significant overlap with each other and comprise important cellular constituents of the hematopoietic stem cell niche. Moreover, these mesenchymal cell populations share characteristics in their location as they all are found around bone marrow vessels (can be called "pericytes"). In this chapter, with reviewing the recent literatures, how the pericytes relate to physiological and pathological hematopoiesis is argued.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Pericytes; Stem Cell Niche
PubMed: 30937865
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_6 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jul 2017In addition to being multi-potent, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory functions that have been investigated as potential treatments in various immune... (Review)
Review
In addition to being multi-potent, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory functions that have been investigated as potential treatments in various immune disorders. MSCs can robustly interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, either through direct cell-cell contact or through their secretome. In this review, we discuss current findings regarding the interplay between MSCs and different immune cell subsets. We also draw attention to the mechanisms involved.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immune System; Immunomodulation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Models, Biological
PubMed: 28214990
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2473-5 -
Development, Growth & Differentiation Jun 2016Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as progenitor cells that give rise to a number of unique, differentiated mesenchymal cell types. This concept has progressively... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as progenitor cells that give rise to a number of unique, differentiated mesenchymal cell types. This concept has progressively evolved towards an all-encompassing concept including multipotent perivascular cells of almost any tissue. In central nervous system, pericytes are involved in blood-brain barrier, and angiogenesis and vascular tone regulation. They form the neurovascular unit (NVU) together with endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. This functional structure provides an optimal microenvironment for neural proliferation in the adult brain. Neurovascular niche include both diffusible signals and direct contact with endothelial and pericytes, which are a source of diffusible neurotrophic signals that affect neural precursors. Therefore, MSCs/pericyte properties such as differentiation capability, as well as immunoregulatory and paracrine effects make them a potential resource in regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cell Differentiation; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons
PubMed: 27273235
DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12296 -
Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua... May 2011
Review
Topics: Bone Marrow Cells; Humans; Immunity; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 21729612
DOI: No ID Found