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Current Hypertension Reports Feb 2018Metabolic syndrome, variously known also as syndrome X, insulin resistance, etc., is defined by WHO as a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome, variously known also as syndrome X, insulin resistance, etc., is defined by WHO as a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Though there is some variation in the definition by other health care organization, the differences are minor. With the successful conquest of communicable infectious diseases in most of the world, this new non-communicable disease (NCD) has become the major health hazard of modern world. Though it started in the Western world, with the spread of the Western lifestyle across the globe, it has become now a truly global problem. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is often more in the urban population of some developing countries than in its Western counterparts. The two basic forces spreading this malady are the increase in consumption of high calorie-low fiber fast food and the decrease in physical activity due to mechanized transportations and sedentary form of leisure time activities. The syndrome feeds into the spread of the diseases like type 2 diabetes, coronary diseases, stroke, and other disabilities. The total cost of the malady including the cost of health care and loss of potential economic activity is in trillions. The present trend is not sustainable unless a magic cure is found (unlikely) or concerted global/governmental/societal efforts are made to change the lifestyle that is promoting it. There are certainly some elements in the causation of the metabolic syndrome that cannot be changed but many are amenable for corrections and curtailments. For example, better urban planning to encourage active lifestyle, subsidizing consumption of whole grains and possible taxing high calorie snacks, restricting media advertisement of unhealthy food, etc. Revitalizing old fashion healthier lifestyle, promoting old-fashioned foods using healthy herbs rather than oil and sugar, and educating people about choosing healthy/wholesome food over junks are among the steps that can be considered.
Topics: Epidemics; Exercise; Female; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Life Style; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Prevalence
PubMed: 29480368
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z -
Disease Models & Mechanisms 2009The metabolic syndrome refers to the co-occurrence of several known cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and... (Review)
Review
The metabolic syndrome refers to the co-occurrence of several known cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. These conditions are interrelated and share underlying mediators, mechanisms and pathways. There has been recent controversy about its definition and its utility. In this article, I review the current definitions for the metabolic syndrome and why the concept is important. It identifies a subgroup of patients with shared pathophysiology who are at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. By considering the central features of the metabolic syndrome and how they are related, we may better understand the underlying pathophysiology and disease pathogenesis. A comprehensive definition for the metabolic syndrome and its key features would facilitate research into its causes and hopefully lead to new insights into pharmacologic and lifestyle treatment approaches.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 19407331
DOI: 10.1242/dmm.001180 -
Nutrients Apr 2022Individuals with metabolic syndrome have increased risk for developing health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Modifiable risk factors, such as... (Review)
Review
Individuals with metabolic syndrome have increased risk for developing health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Modifiable risk factors, such as exercise and diet, are key components in the prevention and control of metabolic syndrome. Specifically, dietary patterns and habits are extremely successful in controlling more than one of the metabolic syndrome risk factors. Meal timing and frequency have been associated with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions. However, there is limited evidence linking metabolic syndrome to meal timing and meal frequency. This review summarizes and discusses how meal timing and frequency impact metabolic outcomes in adults.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Meals; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 35565686
DOI: 10.3390/nu14091719 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Mar 2014Metabolic syndrome is not a disease per se, but is a term that highlights traits that may have an increased risk of disease, approximately 2-fold for cardiovascular... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome is not a disease per se, but is a term that highlights traits that may have an increased risk of disease, approximately 2-fold for cardiovascular disease and 5-fold or more for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity and insulin resistance are believed to be at the core of most cases of metabolic syndrome, although further research is required to truly understand the pathophysiology behind the syndrome and the gene-environment interactions that increase susceptibility. The mainstay of treatment remains lifestyle changes with exercise and diet to induce weight loss and pharmacologic intervention to treat atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 24582089
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.009 -
Nutrients Nov 2020Most clinicians and health professionals have heard or read about metabolic syndrome [...].
Most clinicians and health professionals have heard or read about metabolic syndrome [...].
Topics: History, 20th Century; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Liver; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity, Abdominal; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33202550
DOI: 10.3390/nu12113501 -
Lancet (London, England)The metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder that results from the increasing prevalence of obesity. The disorder is defined in various ways, but in the near... (Review)
Review
The metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder that results from the increasing prevalence of obesity. The disorder is defined in various ways, but in the near future a new definition(s) will be applicable worldwide. The pathophysiology seems to be largely attributable to insulin resistance with excessive flux of fatty acids implicated. A proinflammatory state probably contributes to the syndrome. The increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease demands therapeutic attention for those at high risk. The fundamental approach is weight reduction and increased physical activity; however, drug treatment could be appropriate for diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lipids; Metabolic Syndrome; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15836891
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology... Jul 2017The United States is experiencing its greatest life expectancy ever. Nonetheless, the general health of the US population is far from at an all-time high. An important... (Review)
Review
The United States is experiencing its greatest life expectancy ever. Nonetheless, the general health of the US population is far from at an all-time high. An important contributor to the pandemic of cardiovascular disease is that overweight and obesity are also the major determinants of metabolic syndrome, an all too common and all too serious clinical and public health challenge. Clinicians have traditionally evaluated each of the major risk factors contributing to metabolic syndrome on an individual basis. There is evidence, however, that the risk factors are more than additive. The overlap of these factors in each disease state, resulting in increased atherogenic risks, is worth examining as a broader entity rather than separately. While therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) should be strongly recommended, clinicians should not let the perfect be the enemy of the possible. Evidence-based doses of statins, aspirin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor blockers should be prescribed as adjuncts, not alternatives, to TLCs. In fact, there is cogent evidence that the benefits of these pharmacologic therapies may also be at least additive.
Topics: Animals; Diet, Healthy; Exercise; Health Status; Healthy Lifestyle; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Prognosis; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior
PubMed: 28587579
DOI: 10.1177/1074248416686187 -
Bioscience Trends Oct 2010Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widely prevalent and multi-factorial disorder. The syndrome has been given several names such as insulin resistance (IR) syndrome,... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widely prevalent and multi-factorial disorder. The syndrome has been given several names such as insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, plurimetabolic syndrome, Reaven's syndrome, Syndrome X, and the deadly quartet. The formulation of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP) guidelines has led to some uniformity and standardization of the definition of MetS and has been helpful epidemiologically. The clinical relevance of MetS is related to its role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Weight reduction is one of the mainstays of treatment. This article provides a comprehensive discussion of metabolic risk factors, the history of MetS, and its diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. There is a need to comprehensively review this particular syndrome in view of the ever increasing-incidence of this condition.
Topics: Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Exercise; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Racial Groups; Risk Factors
PubMed: 21068471
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022The Special Issue call for papers on "Metabolic syndrome and its association with biomarkers" was proposed to present research on various markers for pathophysiology and...
The Special Issue call for papers on "Metabolic syndrome and its association with biomarkers" was proposed to present research on various markers for pathophysiology and the early detection of metabolic syndrome (MetS) [...].
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36429722
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215003 -
BMC Medicine May 2011Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. Currently, several different definitions of MetS exist, causing substantial confusion as to whether they identify the same individuals or represent a surrogate of risk factors. Recently, a number of other factors besides those traditionally used to define MetS that are also linked to the syndrome have been identified. In this review, we critically consider existing definitions and evolving information, and conclude that there is still a need to develop uniform criteria to define MetS, so as to enable comparisons between different studies and to better identify patients at risk. As the application of the MetS model has not been fully validated in children and adolescents as yet, and because of its alarmingly increasing prevalence in this population, we suggest that diagnosis, prevention and treatment in this age group should better focus on established risk factors rather than the diagnosis of MetS.
Topics: Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Prevalence
PubMed: 21542944
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-48