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Nutrients Jul 2022Metabolic syndrome is a significant public health concern linked to the obesity pandemic [...].
Metabolic syndrome is a significant public health concern linked to the obesity pandemic [...].
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity
PubMed: 35889892
DOI: 10.3390/nu14142935 -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Jan 2010The metabolic syndrome is proposed as a cluster of known cardiovascular risk factors, interrelated by a common pathophysiological defect, that symbolize a heightened... (Review)
Review
The metabolic syndrome is proposed as a cluster of known cardiovascular risk factors, interrelated by a common pathophysiological defect, that symbolize a heightened metabolic burden. Advocates of the concept argue that it is a predictor for both diabetes and cardiovascular disease, complications of great importance posttransplantation. The abundant medical literature on the topic is now expanding into the field of transplantation with evidence linking the metabolic syndrome to adverse patient and graft outcomes. Although the implications posttransplantation are significant, controversy surrounds the concept and the topic has not previously been reviewed in the context of solid-organ transplantation. The purpose of this review is to update transplant clinicians with our current understanding of the metabolic syndrome, review the transplantation literature and examine the controversies surrounding the concept.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Transplants
PubMed: 19958337
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02882.x -
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and... 2005The metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted clinical entity resulting from the interaction of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Over the past two decades, the... (Review)
Review
The metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted clinical entity resulting from the interaction of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Over the past two decades, the number of people diagnosed with the syndrome has steadily increased and is associated with the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by the clustering of disorders which includes high blood pressure, high (pro)insulin concentrations, excess body weight with central obesity, and an altered lipid profile (dyslipidaemia) that increase the likelihood to develop micro- and macrovascular complications, including coronary heart disease or stroke. Each of these disorders is by itself a risk factor for other diseases including diabetes mellitus. In combination, morbidity and mortality are dramatically increased. Because the defining thresholds for establishing the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome are controversial, the NCEP: ATP III and the WHO have made specific suggestions. The current definitions of the metabolic syndrome can be used as predictors of vascular complications. Risk assessment and subsequent selection of probands for intervention, such as weight reduction and increased physical activity are recommended for the clinical management of the metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Inflammation; Metabolic Syndrome; Prevalence
PubMed: 16112954
DOI: 10.1080/00365510500236044 -
Circulation Sep 2003
Review
Topics: Forecasting; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 14517151
DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000093203.00632.2B -
Clinical Journal of the American... Jul 2011The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of clinical abnormalities related to insulin resistance and inflammation. The syndrome is now recognized as a risk factor for... (Review)
Review
The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of clinical abnormalities related to insulin resistance and inflammation. The syndrome is now recognized as a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the general population. Recent studies suggest that the metabolic syndrome is common after kidney transplantation, also possibly being predictive of allograft loss and poor allograft function. The development or worsening of obesity plays a central role in the development of metabolic syndrome after kidney transplantation. Immunosuppression also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome. In fact, the overriding influence of immunosuppressive medications makes it unclear whether the metabolic syndrome has the same value in predicting outcomes as is true in the general population. However, recent studies suggest that the presence of metabolic syndrome before transplantation predicts the subsequent development of new-onset diabetes after transplantation, independent of other widely known risk factors. Aggressive management of the metabolic syndrome is warranted both before and after transplantation.
Topics: Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Metabolic Syndrome; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Weight Gain
PubMed: 21734094
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01200211 -
Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal Sep 2011Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease that affects an estimated 50 million Americans. The present article reviews this syndrome with... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease that affects an estimated 50 million Americans. The present article reviews this syndrome with respect to its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. A primary focus in research has been to elucidate the processes that have been determined to cause insulin resistance, the fundamental mechanism underlying metabolic syndrome; these processes are reviewed here along with the interplay of the syndrome with the renin-angiotensin system, circadian rhythm, and atherosclerosis. Lifestyle changes promoting exercise and a healthy diet can reduce the incidence and prevent the progression of metabolic syndrome; however, refractory cases may warrant drug therapy. Recent emphasis has been placed on targeting obesity and insulin resistance as new therapeutic modalities are developed. In this manuscript, the incidence, component characteristics, and complications of metabolic syndrome in island-living Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic populations are described. The fact that island patients suffering from the syndrome tend to have less aggressive coronary disease and relatively normal lipid profile compared to their stateside counterparts is also discussed.
Topics: Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Puerto Rico
PubMed: 21932717
DOI: No ID Found -
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 2016The gut microbiome contributes approximately 2kg of the whole body weight, and recent studies suggest that gut microbiota has a profound effect on human metabolism,... (Review)
Review
The gut microbiome contributes approximately 2kg of the whole body weight, and recent studies suggest that gut microbiota has a profound effect on human metabolism, potentially contributing to several features of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is defined by a clustering of metabolic disorders that include central adiposity with visceral fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, dysglycemia and non-optimal blood pressure levels. Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that around 20-25 percent of the world's adult population has metabolic syndrome. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the existing data linking gut microbiome with metabolic syndrome. Existing evidence from studies both in animals and humans support a link between gut microbiome and various components of metabolic syndrome. Possible pathways include involvement with energy homeostasis and metabolic processes, modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, interferences with the immune system, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system. Modification of gut microbiota via prebiotics, probiotics or other dietary interventions has provided evidence to support a possible beneficial effect of interventions targeting gut microbiota modulation to treat components or complications of metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Diet Therapy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homeostasis; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26916014
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.01.024 -
Current Hypertension Reports Apr 2011The metabolic syndrome (MS) constitutes a combination of underlying risk factors for an adverse outcome, cardiovascular disease. Thus, the clinical behavior of the MS... (Review)
Review
The metabolic syndrome (MS) constitutes a combination of underlying risk factors for an adverse outcome, cardiovascular disease. Thus, the clinical behavior of the MS can be regarded as a whole. Nevertheless, from a pathogenic point of view, understanding of the underlying mechanisms of each MS intermediate phenotype is far beyond their understanding as an integrative process. Systems biology introduces a new concept for revealing the pathogenesis of human disorders and suggests the presence of common physiologic processes and molecular networks influencing the risk of a disease. This paper shows a model of this concept to explain the genetic determinants of MS-associated phenotypes. Based on the hypothesis that common physiologic processes and molecular networks may influence the risk of MS disease components, we propose two systems-biology approaches: a gene enrichment analysis and the use of a protein-protein interaction network. Our results show that a network driven by many members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of proteins, including retinoid X receptor and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the MS by its interactions at multiple levels of complexity with genes associated with metabolism, cell differentiation, and oxidative stress. In addition, we review two alternative genetic mechanisms that are gaining acceptance in the physiopathology of the MS: the regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression by microRNAs and epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Polymorphism, Genetic; Systems Biology
PubMed: 20957457
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0164-9 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2020Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the incidence and economic burden of which is increasing each year. OxS triggers... (Review)
Review
Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the incidence and economic burden of which is increasing each year. OxS triggers the dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with metabolism and epigenetics, including microRNAs, which are biomarkers of metabolic disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between microRNAs and OxS in MetS and its components. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the most relevant studies. Collected data suggested that different sources of OxS (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, obesity, proinflammatory cytokines) change the expression of numerous microRNAs in organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and endothelium. Dysregulated microRNAs either directly or indirectly affect the expression and/or activity of molecules of antioxidative signaling pathways (SIRT1, FOXOs, Keap1/Nrf2) along with effector enzymes (e.g., GPx-1, SOD1/2, HO-1), ROS producers (e.g., NOX4/5), as well as genes of numerous signaling pathways connected with inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, thus promoting the progression of metabolic imbalance. MicroRNAs appear to be important epigenetic modifiers in managing the delicate redox balance, mediating either pro- or antioxidant biological impacts. Summarizing, microRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets in ameliorating the repercussions of OxS in MetS.
Topics: Animals; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; MicroRNAs; Oxidative Stress; Oxidoreductases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32962281
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186902 -
Postgraduate Medicine Jan 2012The collection of impaired glucose metabolism, central obesity, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidemia is identified as metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is estimated... (Review)
Review
The collection of impaired glucose metabolism, central obesity, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidemia is identified as metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is estimated that approximately 25% of the world's population has MetS. In the United States, MetS is more common in men and Hispanics, and its incidence increases with age. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The underlying risk factors include insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. Confusion about MetS exists in part due to the lack of a consensus definition and treatment protocol. Treatment of MetS begins with therapeutic lifestyle changes and then pharmacologic treatment of the syndrome's individual components. Effective interventions include diet modification, exercise, and use of pharmacologic agents to treat risk factors. Weight loss and increasing physical activity significantly improve all aspects of MetS. A diet that includes more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, monounsaturated fats, and low-fat dairy products will benefit most patients with MetS. Physicians can be most effective in advising patients by customizing specific lifestyle recommendations after assessing patients for the presence of risk factors.
Topics: Anti-Obesity Agents; Bariatric Surgery; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Exercise; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypolipidemic Agents; Metabolic Syndrome; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22314111
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2012.01.2514