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Current Organic Synthesis 2022The history of tri-substituted methanes (TRSMs) in chemical industries is much older. Tri-substituted methanes were previously used as dyes in the chemical industries.... (Review)
Review
The history of tri-substituted methanes (TRSMs) in chemical industries is much older. Tri-substituted methanes were previously used as dyes in the chemical industries. Still, there is a significant surge in researchers' interest in them due to their wide range of bioactivities. Trisubstituted methane derivatives show a wide range of biological activities like anti-tumor, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic activities. Due to the wide range of medicinal applications shown by tri-substituted methanes, most of the methodologies reported in the literature for the synthesis of TRSMs are focused on the one-pot method. This review explored the recently reported one-pot processes for synthesizing trisubstituted methanes and their various medicinal applications. Based on the substitution attached to the -CH carbon, this review categorizes them into two major classes: (I) symmetrical and (II) unsymmetrical trisubstituted methanes. In addition, this review gives an insight into the growing opportunities for the construction of trisubstituted scaffolds via one-pot methodologies. To the best of our knowledge, no one has yet reported a review on the one-pot synthesis of TRSMs. Therefore, here we present a brief literature review of the synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical TRSMs covering various one-pot methodologies along with their medicinal applications.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Methane
PubMed: 34515005
DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210910105342 -
Bioresource Technology Oct 2019Electro-methanogenesis represents an emerging bio-methane production pathway that can be achieved through integrating microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) with conventional... (Review)
Review
Electro-methanogenesis represents an emerging bio-methane production pathway that can be achieved through integrating microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) with conventional anaerobic digester (AD). Since 2009, a significant number of publications have reported superior methane productivity and kinetics from MEC-AD integrated systems. The overall objective of this review is to communicate the recent advances towards promoting electro-methanogenesis in the anaerobic digestion process. Firstly, the electro-methanogenesis pathways and functional roles of key microbial members are summarized. Secondly, various extrinsic process parameters, such as applied voltage/potential, pH, and temperature are discussed with emphasis on process optimization. Moreover, available methods for the inoculation and start-up of MEC-AD process are critically reviewed. Finally, system design and scale-up considerations, such as the selection of electrode materials, surface area and surface chemistry of electrode materials, and electrode spacing are summarized.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Catalysis; Electrodes; Electrolysis; Methane
PubMed: 31300305
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121738 -
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and... Dec 2021In this paper, bis (indol-3-yl) methanes (BIMs) were synthesised and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. All synthesised...
In this paper, bis (indol-3-yl) methanes (BIMs) were synthesised and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. All synthesised compounds showed potential α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Compounds (IC: 7.54 ± 1.10 μM), (IC: 9.00 ± 0.97 μM), and (IC: 9.57 ± 0.62 μM) presented strongest inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, that were ∼ 30 times stronger than acarbose. Compounds (IC: 32.18 ± 1.66 µM), (IC: 31.47 ± 1.42 µM), and (IC: 30.91 ± 0.86 µM) showed strongest inhibitory activities towards α-amylase, ∼ 2.5 times stronger than acarbose. The mechanisms and docking simulation of the compounds were also studied. Compounds and exhibited bifunctional inhibitory activity against these two enzymes. Furthermore, compounds showed no toxicity against 3T3-L1 cells and HepG2 cells.HighlightsA series of bis (indol-3-yl) methanes (BIMs) were synthesised and evaluated inhibitory activities against -glucosidase and α-amylase.Compound exhibited promising activity (IC = 7.54 ± 1.10 μM) against -glucosidase.Compound exhibited promising activity (IC = 30.91 ± 0.86 μM) against α-amylase.In silico studies were performed to confirm the binding interactions of synthetic compounds with the enzyme active site.
Topics: 3T3 Cells; Acarbose; Animals; Catalytic Domain; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Indoles; Kinetics; Methane; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Structure-Activity Relationship; alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases
PubMed: 34459690
DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1971976 -
Natural Product Reports May 2016Covering: up to the end of 2015A photo-cross-linked small-molecule affinity matrix is a unique platform for identifying targets for bioactive small molecules. It... (Review)
Review
Covering: up to the end of 2015A photo-cross-linked small-molecule affinity matrix is a unique platform for identifying targets for bioactive small molecules. It utilises a photogenerated carbene species to immobilise a variety of bioactive small molecules on an affinity matrix in a chemo- and site-nonselective manner. Although this platform would seem to run counter to the more typical approach of small-molecule immobilisation on an affinity matrix (i.e., selective coupling), it has been successfully utilised in the past decade to screen protein targets for many bioactive small molecules. This review describes the status of the photo-cross-linking methodology while providing a useful tutorial for academic and industrial chemical biologists who are involved or interested in drug target identification.
Topics: Biological Products; Methane; Molecular Structure; Proteins; Small Molecule Libraries
PubMed: 26910352
DOI: 10.1039/c5np00117j -
Chemical Reviews Nov 2005
Review
Topics: Drug Design; Hydrocarbons; Methane; Molecular Structure; Silver
PubMed: 16277368
DOI: 10.1021/cr050004s -
Organic Letters Dec 2015Catalytic conditions for the α-arylation of aryl nitromethanes have been discovered using parallel microscale experimentation, despite two prior reports of the lack of...
Catalytic conditions for the α-arylation of aryl nitromethanes have been discovered using parallel microscale experimentation, despite two prior reports of the lack of reactivity of these aryl nitromethane precursors. The method efficiently provides a variety of substituted, isolable diaryl nitromethanes. In addition, it is possible to sequentially append two different aryl groups to nitromethane. Mild oxidation conditions were identified to afford the corresponding benzophenones via the Nef reaction, and reduction conditions were optimized to afford several diaryl methylamines.
Topics: Catalysis; Methane; Molecular Structure; Nitroparaffins; Oxidation-Reduction; Palladium; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 26584680
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02793 -
The Science of the Total Environment May 2020Biowaste material is a good candidate for the production of energy in urban territories. The presence of undesirable or constituents mixed with the biowaste collected by...
Biowaste material is a good candidate for the production of energy in urban territories. The presence of undesirable or constituents mixed with the biowaste collected by municipalities makes it difficult to recycle organic matter of sufficient quality for agricultural uses. Methane production is particularly attractive for energy recovery notably because this energy vector can be distributed using the grid already in place for natural gas in many cities. Depending on the origin and biochemical composition of biowaste, methane can be produced using thermochemical (gasification then syngas methanation) or biological processes (anaerobic digestion). The objective of this work was to characterize the ability of biowaste to be used as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Based on considerations such as the quantities produced and the availability, four categories of biowaste produced in the city of Lyon were identified as potential key resources: Garden biowaste (GBW), restauration biowaste (RBW), household biowaste (HBW) and supermarkets biowaste (SMBW). Representative samples were taken from the sites of production and analyzed for parameters including biomethane potential (BMP). Each sample was then fractioned by leaching and the distribution of the BMP between the particulate fraction and the readily soluble fraction was assessed. GBW organic matter exhibited high hemicellulose content (over 81% of VS) and a low BMP which was very poorly distributed into its soluble fraction (2 NL·kg). RBW, HBW and SMBW showed a much higher BMP with a strong distribution in the soluble fraction (100 NL·kg). Plastic materials were found to account for up to 40% of the mass of SMBW sample. Altogether, GBW was identified as non-favorable for anaerobic digestion and recommended rather for thermochemical conversion. HBW, RBW and SMBW revealed adapted to anaerobic. Pulping was shown to be applicable in order to convert the 3 biowaste materials into a pumpable slurry with high biomethane potential.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bioreactors; Cities; Methane; Recycling; Refuse Disposal; Water
PubMed: 32050107
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137084 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2016Anaerobic sludge digestion is the main technology for sludge reduction and stabilization prior to sludge disposal. Nevertheless, methane production from anaerobic...
Anaerobic sludge digestion is the main technology for sludge reduction and stabilization prior to sludge disposal. Nevertheless, methane production from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) is often restricted by the poor biochemical methane potential and slow hydrolysis rate of WAS. This work systematically investigated the effect of PHA levels of WAS on anaerobic methane production, using both experimental and mathematical modeling approaches. Biochemical methane potential tests showed that methane production increased with increased PHA levels in WAS. Model-based analysis suggested that the PHA-based method enhanced methane production by improving biochemical methane potential of WAS, with the highest enhancement being around 40% (from 192 to 274 L CH4/kg VS added; VS: volatile solid) when the PHA levels increased from 21 to 143 mg/g VS. In contrast, the hydrolysis rate (approximately 0.10 d(-1)) was not significantly affected by the PHA levels. Economic analysis suggested that the PHA-based method could save $1.2/PE/y (PE: population equivalent) in a typical wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The PHA-based method can be easily integrated into the current WWTP to enhance methane production, thereby providing a strong support to the on-going paradigm shift in wastewater management from pollutant removal to resource recovery.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Hydrolysis; Methane; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Sewage
PubMed: 26791952
DOI: 10.1038/srep19713 -
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Aug 2006In this paper, a process-based mathematical model is developed for the production of methane through biodegradation. It is a three-dimensional model given by ordinary...
In this paper, a process-based mathematical model is developed for the production of methane through biodegradation. It is a three-dimensional model given by ordinary differential equations. The results of the analysis of the model are interpreted through three emission indices, which are introduced for the first time. The estimation of either one or all of them can interpret the feasibility of the equilibrium and the long-term emission tendency of methane. The vulnerability of the methane production process with respect to soil temperature effects in methanogenic phase has been discussed and a feasible condition within a specified temperature range has defined for the nonvulnerability of the methane production process and also it has shown that under the same condition, zero-emission process of methane will be nonvulnerable with respect to the soil temperature effects in methanogenic phase. Lastly, condition for zero emission of methane is also obtained and it is interpreted through the emission indices.
Topics: Biomass; Computer Simulation; Euryarchaeota; Methane; Models, Biological
PubMed: 17149818
DOI: 10.1007/s11538-006-9076-x -
The Journal of Chemical Physics Aug 2013Hydrophobic interactions are responsible for water-driven processes such as protein folding and self-assembly of biomolecules. Microscopic theories and molecular...
Hydrophobic interactions are responsible for water-driven processes such as protein folding and self-assembly of biomolecules. Microscopic theories and molecular simulations have been used to study association of a pair of methanes in water, the paradigmatic example of hydrophobic attraction, and determined that entropy is the driving force for the association of the methane pair, while the enthalpy disfavors it. An open question is to which extent coarse-grained water models can still produce correct thermodynamic and structural signatures of hydrophobic interaction. In this work, we investigate the hydrophobic interaction between a methane pair in water at temperatures from 260 to 340 K through molecular dynamics simulations with the coarse-grained monatomic water model mW. We find that the coarse-grained model correctly represents the free energy of association of the methane pair, the temperature dependence of free energy, and the positive change in entropy and enthalpy upon association. We investigate the relationship between thermodynamic signatures and structural order of water through the analysis of the spatial distribution of the density, energy, and tetrahedral order parameter Qt of water. The simulations reveal an enhancement of tetrahedral order in the region between the first and second hydration shells of the methane molecules. The increase in tetrahedral order, however, is far from what would be expected for a clathrate-like or ice-like shell around the solutes. This work shows that the mW water model reproduces the key signatures of hydrophobic interaction without long ranged electrostatics or the need to be re-parameterized for different thermodynamic states. These characteristics, and its hundred-fold increase in efficiency with respect to atomistic models, make mW a promising water model for studying water-driven hydrophobic processes in more complex systems.
Topics: Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Methane; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Molecular Structure; Thermodynamics; Water
PubMed: 23927274
DOI: 10.1063/1.4816005