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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2020Superelectrophiles are reactive species that often carry multiple positive charges. They have been useful in numerous synthetic methods and they often exhibit highly... (Review)
Review
Superelectrophiles are reactive species that often carry multiple positive charges. They have been useful in numerous synthetic methods and they often exhibit highly unusual reactivities. Recent advances in superelectrophile chemistry are discussed in this review.
Topics: Aza Compounds; Cyclization; Electrochemistry; Mesylates; Quinolones
PubMed: 32707680
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143281 -
Plant Disease Nov 2021Fusarium head blight (FHB) primarily caused by is a key disease of small grains. Diseased spikes show symptoms of premature bleaching shortly after infection and have...
Fusarium head blight (FHB) primarily caused by is a key disease of small grains. Diseased spikes show symptoms of premature bleaching shortly after infection and have aborted or shriveled seeds, resulting in reduced yields. The fungus also deteriorates quality and safety of the grain because of production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON), which can result in grain being docked or rejected at the point of sale. Genetic host resistance to FHB is quantitative, and no complete genetic resistance against this devastating disease is available. Alternative approaches to develop new sources of FHB resistance are needed. In this study, we performed extensive forward genetic screening of the M generation of an ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutagenized population of cultivar Jagger to isolate variants with FHB resistance. In field testing, 74 mutant lines were found to have resistance against FHB spread, and 30 of these lines also had low DON content. Subsequent testing over 2 years in controlled greenhouse conditions revealed 10 M lines showing significantly lower FHB spread. Seven and 6 of those 10 lines also had reduced DON content and fewer -damaged kernels, respectively. Future endeavors will include identification of the mutations that led to resistance in these variants.
Topics: Ethyl Methanesulfonate; Fusarium; Methane; Plant Diseases; Triticum
PubMed: 34132597
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0670-RE -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2022One of the most promising avenues of biofuel research relates to using waste as a starting feedstock to produce liquid or gaseous energy carriers. The global production...
One of the most promising avenues of biofuel research relates to using waste as a starting feedstock to produce liquid or gaseous energy carriers. The global production of waste glycerol by the refinery industry is rising year after year. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) on the growth rates and intracellular lipid accumulation in heterotrophically-cultured microalgae, grown on waste glycerol as the carbon source. The strain E20, produced by incubating a reference strain in EMS for 20 min, was found to perform the best in terms of producing biomass (0.054 g/dm·h) and accumulating intracellular bio-oil (0.021 g/dm·h). The selected parameters proved to be optimal for E20 biomass growth at the following values: temperature 27.3 °C, glycerol level 249.0 g/dm, oxygen in the culture 26%, and yeast extract concentration 45.0 g/dm. In turn, the optimal values for lipid production in an E20 culture were: temperature 24.2 °C, glycerol level 223.0 g/dm, oxygen in the culture 10%, and yeast extract concentration 10.0 g/dm. As the process conditions are different for biomass growth and for intracellular lipid accumulation, it is recommended to use a two-step culture process, which resulted in a lipid synthesis rate of 0.41 g/dm·h.
Topics: Biofuels; Biomass; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Ethyl Methanesulfonate; Glycerol; Methane; Oxygen; Stramenopiles
PubMed: 35270800
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053108 -
Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery Mar 2011
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Drug Approval; Ethers, Cyclic; Female; Furans; Humans; Ketones; Macrolides; Mesylates; Microtubules; Neoplasm Metastasis
PubMed: 21358731
DOI: 10.1038/nrd3389 -
Organic Letters Jun 2015Air- and moisture-stable N-trifluoromethylthio sulfoximines have been prepared from N-H-sulfoximines via the corresponding N-Br derivatives in excellent yields. The...
Air- and moisture-stable N-trifluoromethylthio sulfoximines have been prepared from N-H-sulfoximines via the corresponding N-Br derivatives in excellent yields. The two-step process starts with an easy-to-perform bromination at the sulfoximine nitrogen, followed by a reaction with silver trifluoromethanethiolate. A one-pot reaction sequence allows difficult to prepare products to be obtained.
Topics: Catalysis; Halogenation; Mesylates; Methionine Sulfoximine; Molecular Structure; Nitrogen; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 26029817
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01384 -
Applied Radiation and Isotopes :... May 2021Cowpea is the poor man's crop that lacks variability due to its autogamous nature. Induced mutation serves as a potential source in the induction of variability in...
Cowpea is the poor man's crop that lacks variability due to its autogamous nature. Induced mutation serves as a potential source in the induction of variability in crops. On the other hand, the effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens will vary between species and even varieties. In the present study, a novel mutagen electron beam was used in cowpea for the first time along with commonly used mutagens gamma rays (physical) and ethyl methanesulfonate (chemical). The biological damages on eight quantitative characters in M1 generation and chlorophyll mutants in M2 generation were recorded. Two popular varieties viz., P 152 and VBN 1 constituted as the biological material of study. The rate of reduction in biological damage on quantitative characters was directly proportional to the dose of mutagen irrespective of the varieties and mutagens used. Physical mutagens showed the highest biological damage (EB- 37.5% and G- 37.3% overall reduction from control) than chemical mutagen (EMS- 30.4%). Comparing the physical mutagens at similar doses, 200 Gy or 300 Gy of electron beam showed more biological damage than 200 Gy or 300 Gy of gamma rays. Eleven different types of chlorophyll mutants were identified in the M2 generation. Xantha is the most occurred chlorophyll mutants (44.44%), while aurea and yellow viridis have least occurred mutants. Chemical mutagen (EMS) is considered to be the most effective (6.47%) and efficient mutagen (27.09%) based on the chlorophyll mutants and it was followed by an electron beam and gamma rays. Among the physical mutagens, electron beam showed the highest biological damage (37.50% overall reduction from control) and higher effectiveness and efficiency (3.80% and 23.38%) compared to gamma rays (1.87% and 13.38%). Hence, the electron beam can also be used as an effective mutagen in creating variation in cowpea and other crops as it is highly effective, cost less and safe mutagen.
Topics: Electrons; Ethyl Methanesulfonate; Gamma Rays; Methane; Mutagens; Mutation; Ultraviolet Rays; Vigna
PubMed: 33639325
DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109640 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Dec 2008An automated sample preparation and analysis procedure was developed to monitor the formation of ethyl methane sulfonate from reaction mixtures containing ethanol and...
Development and validation of an automated static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) method for monitoring the formation of ethyl methane sulfonate from ethanol and methane sulfonic acid.
An automated sample preparation and analysis procedure was developed to monitor the formation of ethyl methane sulfonate from reaction mixtures containing ethanol and methane sulfonic acid. The system is based on a liquid handling robot combined with a static headspace module. The formed ethyl methane sulfonate is analysed after derivatisation with pentafluorothiophenol using static headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS). Using the automated reaction-derivatisation-headspace GC-MS system, the formation of ethyl methane sulfonate can be monitored in different reaction mixtures under different reaction conditions, including temperature, water content and pH. Excellent linearity, repeatability and robustness were obtained, allowing the system to be used in kinetic studies.
Topics: Ethanol; Ethyl Methanesulfonate; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Mesylates; Molecular Structure; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Robotics; Temperature; Time Factors
PubMed: 18996665
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.028 -
Toxicology Letters Aug 2010The aim was to demonstrate the applicability of using mini organ cultures (MOC) of the human parotid gland for indicating DNA damage by nicotine. Macroscopically healthy...
The aim was to demonstrate the applicability of using mini organ cultures (MOC) of the human parotid gland for indicating DNA damage by nicotine. Macroscopically healthy specimens of human parotid glands (1 mm3) were cultured for 7 d. Morphology was examined after HE and immunohistochemical staining of alpha-amylase. MOC were exposed to 2.0 mM nicotine or 100 microM methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) for 1, 2 and 3 h, followed by a regeneration period of 24 h. DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay. Histological findings demonstrated healthy acinar cells up to 8 days of culture and a strong expression pattern of alpha-amylase. Cells in the centre of mini organs showed a granular cytoplasm starting at day 3. 1-3 h nicotine exposure significantly increased DNA damage as determined by DNA in the tail (DT), with no significant differences with increasing exposure time and only a trend towards decreased values of DT after regeneration. MMS demonstrated a time-dependent increase in DNA damage and distinctly reduced DT values after regeneration. MOC may be used to study DNA damage and repair after repetitive exposure to xenobiotics. They provide additional information for in vitro studies of cells growing in an intact tissue structure.
Topics: DNA Damage; Humans; Methyl Methanesulfonate; Nicotine; Organ Culture Techniques; Parotid Gland
PubMed: 20466043
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.032 -
Clinical Cancer Research : An Official... Nov 2011Eribulin mesylate, a nontaxane, completely synthetic microtubule inhibitor, has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as third-line treatment... (Review)
Review
Eribulin mesylate, a nontaxane, completely synthetic microtubule inhibitor, has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as third-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer refractory to anthracyclines and taxanes. Eribulin is a synthetic analogue of halichondrin B, which inhibits microtubule polymerization by a mechanism distinct from other available antitubulin agents. Eribulin significantly increased overall survival (OS; median OS for the eribulin-treated group was 13.1 months versus 10.6 months for the group treated by investigator's choice) in a heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer population. Eribulin has a manageable side-effect profile, notably neutropenia and fatigue, and a relatively low incidence of peripheral neuropathy. The mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, preclinical antitumor activity, and clinical trials of eribulin in the metastatic breast cancer setting are reviewed here.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Furans; Humans; Ketones; Mesylates
PubMed: 21859830
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1807 -
Acta Biochimica Polonica 1984A polA1 mutation in the DNA polymerase I gene of E. coli results in a drastic reduction of the frequency of mutagenesis induced by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR)....
A polA1 mutation in the DNA polymerase I gene of E. coli results in a drastic reduction of the frequency of mutagenesis induced by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR). Comparisons of the effect of a polA1 mutation on mutagenesis induced by methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), ultraviolet irradiation (UV) and 2-aminopurine (2-AP) demonstrated that a similar effect of a polA1 mutation is observed with MMS. This effect is much less marked with UV-and-2-AP-induced mutagenesis. It follows that DNA polymerase I plays a key role in the process of mutagenesis induced by BU and MMS. Bearing in mind that mutagenesis provoked by UV, MMS and BU involves participation of the accompanying induced error-prone system, the sources of the differences in requirement for DNA polymerase I are critically examined.
Topics: Bromodeoxyuridine; DNA Polymerase I; DNA Repair; Escherichia coli; Methyl Methanesulfonate; Mutation
PubMed: 6372342
DOI: No ID Found