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Steroids Jan 2021There is some evidence that marketable supplements contain hormones not declared on the product label. The presence of these androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in sports...
There is some evidence that marketable supplements contain hormones not declared on the product label. The presence of these androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in sports supplements can be considered an adulteration and affect the health of consumers, who are predominantly athletes. This study aimed to measure anabolic hormones (methyltestosterone and 4-androstenedione) in sport supplements. Ultra Performance Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode was employed under the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) ion program. To overcome matrix effects and quantify the selected analyte, the calibration curve was made using Matrix Match method. The LOQ and LOD were 1 ng/g and 0.3 ng/g for both analytes. The recovery of 4-androstenedione and methyltestosterone was in the range of 86.87-107.35 and 77.31-113.98, respectively. In terms of reproducibility, CV % for 4-androstenedione and methyltestosterone ranged from 6.56 to 16.87% and 1.45-15.12%, respectively. 4-androstenedione was found in 11 samples including 9 whey as 1.578 ± 0.154 ng/g and 2 whey albumin samples with an amount of 1.134 ng/g and 1.474 ng/g. Consequently, continuous controlling of sport supplements comprising intentionally or unintentionally added androgens could be important for health and discuss in the context of compliance with anti-doping.
Topics: Androstenedione; Doping in Sports; Methyltestosterone; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33161054
DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108758 -
Theriogenology Oct 2020In recent years, the increasing use of environmental endocrine disruptors has caused serious environmental pollution and hurt aquatic organisms. It is still risky for...
In recent years, the increasing use of environmental endocrine disruptors has caused serious environmental pollution and hurt aquatic organisms. It is still risky for aquatic species and humans exposed to 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), however, the harmful effect of MT on fish is still poorly understood. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of MT on Pseudorasbora parva at multi-levels. We analyzed gonadal histology, the sex steroid hormones, steroidogenic genes expression, and transcriptome profiling of gonads in response to MT in adult P. parva. Through this study, we found MT could inhibit the gonadal development of P. parva, and the growth and development of fish could be delayed by exposure to MT at 200 ng/L. MT could produce disruption effects on fish from multiple pathways, while its interference to the HPGL axis happens primarily through the steroidogenic pathway, e.g., disturbing the expression of crucial genes and sex steroids synthesis. Besides, we constructed 4 RNAseq libraries and obtained 7758 and 11,543 DEGs in females and males, respectively. Interestingly, we found MT had more obvious disruption effects on males than the females, mainly reflected in the immune system. Interestingly, we found three common pathways in both sexes after MT exposure, i.e., cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. These results confirm the suitability of P. parva as a model fish for aquatic toxicological study and provide us a multidimensional sight for the disruption effects of MT on fish.
Topics: Animals; Cyprinidae; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Gonads; Male; Methyltestosterone; Transcriptome
PubMed: 32645508
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.035 -
Chemosphere Jun 2020According to the search in the state of the art, no antecedents were found in which photocatalytic degradation of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) hormone has been carried...
According to the search in the state of the art, no antecedents were found in which photocatalytic degradation of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) hormone has been carried out using doped-TiO. Nor have the transformation products formed during the heterogeneous photocatalysis (FH) been identified. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the photocatalytic degradation of the MT in aqueous solution, using doped TiO with Sm or Gd at 0.3 and 0.5 %wt. Thermal treatment temperature (500 °C and 800 °C) and MT (20 mgL) mineralization were also studied. All photocatalysts were synthesized using the sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Specific Surface Area (BET), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope/Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis (HRTEM/EDS) and, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). MT mineralization was followed by a total organic carbon analyzer (TOC). The route of the photocatalytic mineralization of the hormone was obtained from the analysis of intermediate compounds determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). The results showed that TM and its transformation products were not degraded by photolysis. However, the degree of mineralization of the hormone was greater when the photocatalytic process was used. The photocatalytic efficiency was related to the dopant concentration, dopant type and thermal treatment. Therefore, Sm (0.3%)/TiO calcined at 500 °C showed the best performance for photocatalytic mineralization of MT.
Topics: Catalysis; Methyltestosterone; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Photolysis; Titanium; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 32273124
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126497 -
Journal of Chromatographic Science Oct 2017Methyltestosterone is a synthetic testosterone derivative commonly used for the treatment of testosterone deficiency in males and one the anabolic steroids whose use is...
Methyltestosterone is a synthetic testosterone derivative commonly used for the treatment of testosterone deficiency in males and one the anabolic steroids whose use is banned by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This study presents a simple, cost-effective and rapid stability-indicating assay for densitometric quantification of methyltestosterone in pharmaceutical formulation. The developed method employed pre-coated TLC plates with mobile phase hexane:acetone (6.5:3.5 v/v). Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 2.06 and 6.24 ng/spot, respectively. Stress degradation study of methyltestosterone was conducted by applying various stress conditions such as hydrolysis under acidic, basic and neutral conditions, heating in anhydrous conditions and exposure to light. Methyltestosterone was found to be susceptible to photodegradation, acidic and basic hydrolysis. Degraded products were well resolved with significantly different Rf values. Acid degraded product was identified as 17,17-dimethyl-18-norandrosta-4,13(14)-dien-3-one through spectroscopic methods. The reactivity of methyltestosterone under applied stress conditions was also explained by quantum chemical calculations. The developed method is found to be repeatable, selective and accurate for quantification of methyltestosterone and can be employed for routine analysis.
Topics: Chromatography, Thin Layer; Densitometry; Drug Stability; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Methyltestosterone; Models, Molecular; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 28655177
DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx055 -
Poultry Science Dec 2009This study was conducted to determine effects of methyltestosterone on innate immunity and adaptive immunity against Salmonella Pullorum in dwarf chicks. In vivo... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study was conducted to determine effects of methyltestosterone on innate immunity and adaptive immunity against Salmonella Pullorum in dwarf chicks. In vivo experiment, comparisons of pathological sections, viable counts of bacteria, specific antibody levels, and subsets of T lymphocytes were set forth between chicks with or without 10(-7) M methyltestosterone treatment (2 d of age through 21 d of age) and challenged with 5 x 10(8) virulent Salmonella Pullorum (7 d of age), and in vitro experiment, phagocytic and killing abilities, reactive oxygen intermediate production, and reactive nitrogen intermediate production of monocytes-macrophages treated with high (10(-8) M/10(6) cell) or physiological (10(-14) M/10(6) cell) concentration of methyltestosterone were examined after Salmonella Pullorum infection. The results showed that (1) in vivo, administration of methyltestosterone enhanced susceptibility to Salmonella Pullorum infection and depressed cellular immunity against Salmonella Pullorum, whereas it had no effect on humoral immunity in dwarf chicks; (2) in vitro, at high concentration, methyltestosterone reduced (P < 0.05) monocytes-macrophages mediated reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing of Salmonella Pullorum, whereas low concentration of methyltestosterone enhanced (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing of Salmonella Pullorum in male dwarf chicks but not in females; and (3) although challenged with Salmonella Pullorum, phagocytic ability and monocytes-macrophages mediated reactive nitrogen intermediate-dependent killing were not affected by methyltestosterone in vitro. The results indicated that methyltestosterone affected the immune response to Salmonella Pullorum in dwarf chicks by changing monocytes-macrophages mediated reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing and cellular immunity, and the effects were dose-dependent; furthermore, the former 2 pathways played important roles in preventing Salmonella Pullorum infection in dwarf chicks, although the mechanism needs further study.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anabolic Agents; Animals; Chickens; Female; Male; Methyltestosterone; Monocyte-Macrophage Precursor Cells; Nitrogen; Poultry Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 19903952
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00298 -
Biology of Reproduction Mar 2019Estrogen plays a pivotal role in the sex differentiation of teleosts, whereas the precise function of androgens is more controversial. In this study, orange-spotted...
Estrogen plays a pivotal role in the sex differentiation of teleosts, whereas the precise function of androgens is more controversial. In this study, orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) fry were treated with letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor, AI), 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), or MT and 17β-estradiol (E2) simultaneously, during the period of gonadal formation and sex differentiation. MT feeding at 50 days after hatching resulted in gonadal dysgenesis, which could be rescued by E2 supplementation. Different doses of AI treatment led to different phenotypes: undifferentiated gonads were maintained in the AI group fed a low dose (5 mg/kg diet), whereas female-to-male sex reversal was observed in the AI group fed a high dose (100 mg/kg diet). MT and MT + E2 treatment could induce female-to-male sex reversal during sex differentiation (90 days after hatching). The expression of female pathway genes was suppressed, while the expression of genes in the male pathway was up-regulated in the MT + E2 group. Consistent with the expression of sex-related genes, the serum 11- ketotestosterone level was also upregulated in MT and MT + E2 group. Finally, we examined the expression of male-specific mark (DMRT1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in MT and MT + E2 induced sex reversal, and the result indicated that male germ cells and somatic cells may origin from the gonium and proliferative somatic cells surrounding the efferent duct, respectively. Overall, our data suggested that estrogen acts as a natural inducer of female differentiation, and that the co-administration of estrogen and androgen during sex differentiation leads to a male sex fate in the protogynous orange-spotted grouper.
Topics: Anabolic Agents; Animals; Estradiol; Estrogens; Gene Expression Regulation; Gonads; Letrozole; Male; Methyltestosterone; Perciformes; Sex Determination Processes; Sexual Maturation; Transcriptome
PubMed: 30418499
DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy211 -
Medizinische Klinik Jan 1970
Review
Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cholestasis; Cholestyramine Resin; Contraceptives, Oral; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Glucocorticoids; Halothane; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Methyltestosterone; Phenylbutazone; Prognosis; Vitamin A
PubMed: 4926626
DOI: No ID Found -
Theriogenology Jan 2018The common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, is an emerging species for intensive fish culture, however, some reproductive aspects of this species, especially the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, is an emerging species for intensive fish culture, however, some reproductive aspects of this species, especially the development of the testes and the action of androgen hormones on spermatogenesis have not been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis during the first sexual maturation of the common snook. The fish, which were reproduced in captivity, had a body weight of 305.80 ± 35.60 g and a total length of 34,11 ± 1,08 cm. We used ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVAc) implants with four concentrations of the hormone MT: T1 (0.3 mg/kg); T2 (3.0 mg/kg); T3 (15.0 mg/kg) and T4 (30.0 mg/kg), and a control group that did not receive the hormone. The gonads increased (P < 0.05) in relation to the concentrations of MT. Histological analysis revealed a progression of spermatogenesis in the MT treatments, especially in T3 and T4. Sperm release was attained in some fish treated with MT. However, there was a partial suppression of the levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in plasma in the MT treatments, indicating a negative feedback on steroidogenesis. However, this suppression of T and 11-KT in plasma did not prevent an increase in the gonadosomatic index and the progression of gametogenesis. There was also an increase of estradiol (E2) in plasma in the treatments with the highest MT concentrations. The results suggest that the application of EVAc implants with MT at concentrations of 15 and 30 mg/kg stimulates the development and growth of the testes and accelerates spermatogenesis.
Topics: Androgens; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Implants; Estradiol; Fishes; Male; Methyltestosterone; Spermatogenesis; Testis; Testosterone
PubMed: 29059600
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.015 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2020Novel reduction-responsive hyaluronic acid-chitosan-lipoic acid nanoparticles (HACSLA-NPs) were designed and synthesized for effective treatment of breast cancer by...
Novel reduction-responsive hyaluronic acid-chitosan-lipoic acid nanoparticles (HACSLA-NPs) were designed and synthesized for effective treatment of breast cancer by targeting Cluster of Differentiation 44 (CD44)-overexpressing cells and reduction-triggered 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) release for systemic delivery. The effectiveness of these nanoparticles was investigated by different assays, including release rate, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), caspase-3 activity, Rhodamine 123 (RH-123), and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). In vitro experiments revealed that Methyltestosterone/Hyaluronic acid-chitosan-lipoic acid nanoparticles (MT/HACSLA-NPs) illustrated a sustained drug release in the absence of glutathione (GSH), while the presence of GSH led to fast MT release. HACSLA-NPs also showed high cellular internalization via CD44 receptors, quick drug release inside the cells, and amended cytotoxicity against positive CD44 BT-20 breast cancer cell line as opposed to negative CD44, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. These findings supported that these novel reduction-responsive NPs can be promising candidates for efficient targeted delivery of therapeutics in cancer therapy.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Biomarkers; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methyltestosterone; Nanoparticles; Oxidation-Reduction; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 32151062
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051181 -
Chemosphere Mar 201117α-Methyltestosterone (MT), an anabolic androgenic steroid, is used widely in inducing an all male population in aquaculture farming of fish, such as Nile tilapia...
17α-Methyltestosterone (MT), an anabolic androgenic steroid, is used widely in inducing an all male population in aquaculture farming of fish, such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Current understanding of the occurrence and fate of MT in the sediments and the surrounding areas of the aquaculture ponds are very limited. Bioassay tests showed that MT was biotransformed under aerobic and sulfate-reducing conditions with a half-life of 3.8d and 5.3d, respectively, with complete disappearance of androgenic activity. However, under methanogenic condition, MT was found to biotransform but the androgenic activity continued to persist even after 45 d of incubation. In contrast, MT was found to transform slowly under iron(III)-reducing condition and was hardly transformed under nitrate-reducing condition. A possible reason for the lack of transformation of MT under nitrate-reducing condition is the presence of the methyl group at the C-17 position. The results of this study suggest that MT and its degradation products with androgenic activity may potentially accumulate in the sediments of fish farming ponds under iron(III)-reducing, nitrate-reducing and methanogenic conditions.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Aquaculture; Bacteria; Biotransformation; Carcinogens, Environmental; Electrons; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Geologic Sediments; Male; Methyltestosterone; Water Microbiology; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 21194723
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.068