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The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Apr 2018MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene-expression posttranscriptionally. MiRNA research in allergy is expanding because miRNAs are crucial... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene-expression posttranscriptionally. MiRNA research in allergy is expanding because miRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and promising candidates for biomarker development. MiRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors currently in preclinical development have shown promise as novel therapeutic agents. Multiple technological platforms have been developed for miRNA isolation, miRNA quantitation, miRNA profiling, miRNA target detection, and modulating miRNA levels in vitro and in vivo. Here we will review the major technological platforms with consideration given for the advantages and disadvantages of each platform.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Markers; Humans; Hypersensitivity; In Vitro Techniques; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 29074454
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.034 -
Seminars in Liver Disease Feb 2015In considering an overview of microRNA biology, it is useful to consider microRNAs as a part of cellular communication. At the simplest level, microRNAs act to decrease... (Review)
Review
In considering an overview of microRNA biology, it is useful to consider microRNAs as a part of cellular communication. At the simplest level, microRNAs act to decrease the expression of messenger RNAs that contain stretches of sequence complementary to the microRNA. This function can be likened to the function of endogenous or synthetic short interfering RNA. However, microRNA function is more complicated and nuanced than this "on-off" model would suggest. Further, many microRNA targets are themselves noncoding RNAs. In this review, the authors discuss the role of microRNAs in shaping the proteome of the cell in a way that is consistent with microRNA involvement in a highly regulated conversation, sensitive to outside influence and internal feedback.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Markers; Humans; MicroRNAs; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; Ribonucleoproteins
PubMed: 25632930
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1397344 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Alteration in miRNA expression results in changes in the profile of genes... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Alteration in miRNA expression results in changes in the profile of genes involving a range of biological processes, contributing to numerous human disorders. With high stability in human fluids, miRNAs in the circulation are considered as promising biomarkers for diagnosis, as well as prognosis of disease. In addition, the translation of miRNA-based therapy from a research setting to clinical application has huge potential. The aim of the current review is to: (i) discuss how miRNAs traffic intracellularly and extracellularly; (ii) emphasize the role of circulating miRNAs as attractive potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis; (iii) describe how circulating microRNA can be measured, emphasizing technical problems that may influence their relative levels; (iv) highlight some of the circulating miRNA panels available for clinical use; (v) discuss how miRNAs could be utilized as novel therapeutics, and finally (v) update those miRNA-based therapeutics clinical trials that could potentially lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of different human pathologies.
Topics: Biomarkers; Circulating MicroRNA; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 35806173
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137167 -
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental... 2007microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. In animal cells, miRNAs regulate their targets by... (Review)
Review
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. In animal cells, miRNAs regulate their targets by translational inhibition and mRNA destabilization. Here, we review recent work in animal models that provide insight into the diverse roles of miRNAs in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Diseases, Inborn; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 17506695
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123406 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Feb 2019MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) has been reported to be dysregulated in various human cancers and regarded as a tumor suppressive microRNA because of its synergistic effect with... (Review)
Review
MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) has been reported to be dysregulated in various human cancers and regarded as a tumor suppressive microRNA because of its synergistic effect with the well-known tumor suppressor p53. Along with the application of MRX34, the first tumor-targeted microRNA drug which based on miR-34a mimics, on phase I clinical trial (NCT01829971), the significance of miR-34 is increasingly recognized. miR-34 plays a crucial role on repressing tumor progression by involving in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via EMT- transcription factors, p53 and some important signal pathways. Not only that, numerous preclinical researches revealed the giant potential of miR-34a on cancer therapy through diversiform nano-scaled delivery systems. Here, we provide an overview about the function of miR-34 in various cancers and the mechanism of miR-34 in tumor-associated EMT. Furthermore, its potential role as a microRNA therapeutic candidate is also discussed. Notwithstanding some obstacles existed, the extensive application prospect of miR-34 on oncotherapy cannot be neglected.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Humans; Mice; MicroRNAs; Molecular Mimicry; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
PubMed: 30717802
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1059-5 -
Cell Reports Dec 2013Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology enables stable and regulated gene repression. For establishing experimentally versatile RNAi tools and minimizing toxicities,...
Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology enables stable and regulated gene repression. For establishing experimentally versatile RNAi tools and minimizing toxicities, synthetic shRNAs can be embedded into endogenous microRNA contexts. However, due to our incomplete understanding of microRNA biogenesis, such "shRNAmirs" often fail to trigger potent knockdown, especially when expressed from a single genomic copy. Following recent advances in design of synthetic shRNAmir stems, here we take a systematic approach to optimize the experimental miR-30 backbone. Among several favorable features, we identify a conserved element 3' of the basal stem as critically required for optimal shRNAmir processing and implement it in an optimized backbone termed "miR-E", which strongly increases mature shRNA levels and knockdown efficacy. Existing miR-30 reagents can be easily converted to miR-E, and its combination with up-to-date design rules establishes a validated and accessible platform for generating effective single-copy shRNA libraries that will facilitate the functional annotation of the genome.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Humans; MicroRNAs; Nucleotide Motifs
PubMed: 24332856
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.11.020 -
Nucleic Acids Research Jan 2006The miRBase database aims to provide integrated interfaces to comprehensive microRNA sequence data, annotation and predicted gene targets. miRBase takes over...
The miRBase database aims to provide integrated interfaces to comprehensive microRNA sequence data, annotation and predicted gene targets. miRBase takes over functionality from the microRNA Registry and fulfils three main roles: the miRBase Registry acts as an independent arbiter of microRNA gene nomenclature, assigning names prior to publication of novel miRNA sequences. miRBase Sequences is the primary online repository for miRNA sequence data and annotation. miRBase Targets is a comprehensive new database of predicted miRNA target genes. miRBase is available at http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Databases, Nucleic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation; Internet; MicroRNAs; Registries; Terminology as Topic; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 16381832
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkj112 -
International Immunopharmacology Dec 2021The microRNA, miR-155 regulates both adaptive and innate immune responses. In viral infections, miR-155 can affect both innate immunity (interferon response, natural... (Review)
Review
The microRNA, miR-155 regulates both adaptive and innate immune responses. In viral infections, miR-155 can affect both innate immunity (interferon response, natural killer cell activity, and macrophage polarization) and adaptive immunity (including generation of anti-viral antibodies, CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Th17, Th2, Th1, Tfh and Treg cells). In many viral infections, the proper and timely regulation of miR-155 expression is critical for the induction of an effective anti-virus immune response and viral clearance without any harmful immunopathologic consequences. MiR-155 may also exert pro-viral effects, mainly through the inhibition of the anti-viral interferon response. Thus, dysregulated expression of miR-155 can result in virus persistence and disruption of the normal response to viral infections. This review provides a thorough discussion of the role of miR-155 in immune responses and immunopathologic reactions during viral infections, and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; MicroRNAs; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34626873
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108188 -
Molecules and Cells Jan 2023MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play cardinal roles in regulating biological pathways and processes, resulting in significant physiological effects. To understand the complex... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play cardinal roles in regulating biological pathways and processes, resulting in significant physiological effects. To understand the complex regulatory network of miRNAs, previous studies have utilized massivescale datasets of miRNA targeting and attempted to computationally predict the functional targets of miRNAs. Many miRNA target prediction tools have been developed and are widely used by scientists from various fields of biology and medicine. Most of these tools consider seed pairing between miRNAs and their mRNA targets and additionally consider other determinants to improve prediction accuracy. However, these tools exhibit limited prediction accuracy and high false positive rates. The utilization of additional determinants, such as RNA modifications and RNA-binding protein binding sites, may further improve miRNA target prediction. In this review, we discuss the determinants of functional miRNA targeting that are currently used in miRNA target prediction and the potentially predictive but unappreciated determinants that may improve prediction accuracy.
Topics: Computational Biology; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger; Gene Targeting
PubMed: 36697234
DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2157 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2021Male infertility is one of the major global health problems, in particular, in more than half of the affected men. Genetic factors are important for identifying men with... (Review)
Review
Male infertility is one of the major global health problems, in particular, in more than half of the affected men. Genetic factors are important for identifying men with idiopathic infertility along with semen analysis. Valid and useful information can be obtained through non-invasive molecular research. Among these, small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules of microRNAs (abbreviated miRNAs) are non-invasive biomarkers with a diagnostic value by regulating the post-transcriptional gene silence through repression and prevention of the translation process. The association between various types of male infertility and miRNA regulation changes has been evaluated to understand the biological function of miRNA and gene targets. Accordingly, further study of the function of miRNAs associated with reproductive disorders could lead researchers to further understand the molecular mechanisms of male infertility in order to find effective biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the present review article aimed at scrutinizing those researches investigating the altered miRNA expression in testicles, epididymis, and spermatozoa.
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 33302836
DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201209213319